Today’s episode is hosted live at the American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. It’s the first in our three-part series from the ADSA meetings where we are featuring graduate and post-doc students and their research. We have confirmed the future of the dairy research industry is bright hands with the next generation of leaders we had the opportunity to interview.
Today’s episode is hosted live at the American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. It’s the first in our three-part series from the ADSA meetings where we are featuring graduate and post-doc students and their research. We have confirmed the future of the dairy research industry is bright hands with the next generation of leaders we had the opportunity to interview.
Effects of maternal dietary rumen-protected choline supplementation during late gestation on calf growth and metabolism.
Joining us is Turner Swartz from Michigan State University discussing his poster on the effects of maternal dietary rumen-protected choline during late gestation.
In general during the study, calves born to pre-natal treated cows showed lower amounts of oxidative stress and reduced inflammation. Studies on these calves ended at 21 days, but it is possible if the study had continued through weaning, that the choline supplementation could have resulted in better calf growth.
Additionally, cows that received choline produced 80% more colostrum than the control group, without diluting the IGG’s.
For more details, view the abstract summary here: https://balchem.com/animal-nutrition-health/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/06/5-Effects-of-maternal-dietary-rumen-protected-choline-supplementation-during-late-gestation-on-calf-growth-and-metabolism.pdf
Changes in plasma and milk choline metabolite concentrations in response to the provision of various rumen-protected choline prototypes in lactating cows.
Joining us is Tanya France and Dr. Joe McFadden from Cornell University discussing her research on the effects of choline.
The goal of the study was to define the best rumen-protected choline technologies that enhance choline bioavailability. The study included two different experiments featuring mid and late-lactation cows. Varying doses of choline chloride were given as a ruminal bolus to the cow and measured the plasma in milk over the course of 36 hours.
For more details, view the abstract summary here: https://balchem.com/animal-nutrition-health/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/06/3-Changes-in-plasma-and-milk-choline-metabolite-concentrations-in-response-to-the-provision-of-various-rumen-protected-choline-prototypes-in-lactating-cows.pdf
Rumen-protected choline (RPC) reduces hepatic triacylglycerol content by increasing hepatic triglyceride-rich lipoprotein secretion.
Joining us is Usman Arshad from the University of Florida discussing his research on choline reducing hepatic triacylglycerol content.
The study analyzes the effects of choline on reducing fatty liver at the cellular level, much more granular than studies done in the past. In the study the effect of choline was isolated, which proved that choline is a lipotropic agent that should be fed with other agents such as methionine.
In the experiment, feeding choline resulted in fewer cows with fatty liver, which means better health and milk production.
For more details, view the abstract summary here: https://balchem.com/animal-nutrition-health/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/06/1-Rumen-protected-choline-RPC-influences-hepatic-metabolism-during-induction-of-fatty-liver.pdfhttps://balchem.com/animal-nutrition-health/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/06/2-Rumen-protected-choline-RPC-reduces-hepatic-triacylglycerol-content-by-increasing-hepatic-triglyceride-rich-lipoprotein-secretion.pdf
Rumen protected choline (RPC) influences hepatic metabolism during induction of fatty liver.
Joining us is Usman Arshad from the University of Florida discussing his research on how rumen-protected choline influences metabolism.
For the study, cows were induced with fatty liver via caloric restriction, then fed them a diet high in fatty acids. Then they looked at triacylglycerides in the blood and collected lymphatic fluid. The study found that triacylglycerol levels were increased in both the blood and lymphatic system which suggests that choline increases digestibility of nutrients concurrent with enhanced absorption of triacylglycerols.
The study also found that choline reduces inflammation in cows, which could result in less mastitis or matritus. Choline could actually impact the immune function of the cows.
For more details, view the abstract summary here: https://balchem.com/animal-nutrition-health/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/06/1-Rumen-protected-choline-RPC-influences-hepatic-metabolism-during-induction-of-fatty-liver.pdf
Increasing dose of prepartum rumen protected choline: Effects on milk production in Holstein dairy cows and Increasing dose of prepartum rumen protected choline: Effects on energy and nitrogen metabolism in Holstein dairy cows
Joining us is Dr. Henry Holdorf from the University of Wisconsin-Madison discussing his research on postpartum and prepartum rumen protected choline.
These studies focused on higher producing cows, as they were second or greater lactation cows. The results of feeding rumen-protected choline still created an increase in milk production. While the cows had high intakes, they were very typical in size for a midwest dairy cow.
An area of interest that requires more study is if choline impacts mammary gland function or rumen health and supply of nutrients. Considering carry-over effects that happen after stopping choline supplementations makes it a subject requiring more study.
For more details, view the abstract summaries here:
Increasing dose of prepartum rumen-protected choline: Effects of in utero exposure on growth and feed efficiency in Holstein dairy calves.
Joining us is Dr. Henry Holdorf from the University of Wisconsin-Madison discussing his research on increasing the dose of rumen-protected choline and its effect on growth and feed efficiency via in utero exposure.
The results of the study showed that higher doses of rumen-protected choline in the first two weeks of life increased the average daily gains and feed efficiency than the control group. For this experiment the choline was mixed into the ration, so the intake of choline by the cow was dependent on her dry matter intake.
An important takeaway is that there are additional benefits for postpartum cows and their calves than what is established with choline. It’s a chance to help young, vulnerable animals.
For more details, view the abstract summary here: https://balchem.com/animal-nutrition-health/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/06/9-Increasing-dose-of-prepartum-rumen-protected-choline-Effects-of-in-utero-exposure-on-growth-and-feed-efficiency-in-Holstein-dairy-calves.pdf
Increasing dose of prepartum rumen-protected choline: Effects of in utero exposure on Angus x Holstein beef calves and Effects of in utero choline exposure on growth and metabolism in weaned Angus X Holstein calves.
Joining us is Dr. Henry Holdorf and Dr. Billy Brown from the University of Wisconsin-Madison discussing their research on in utero choline exposure in crossbred calves.
The study by Dr. Holdorf fed choline mixed into the daily ration to prepartum cows and resulted in the male holstein/angus calves having improved rates of gain from three to eight weeks of age. It was linearly increasing with the increase of choline ingested by the cow. The results were not the same for female calves.
Dr. Brown continued the study after weaning of the calves by weighing them monthly and discovered there was a tendency of increased body weight, hip and wither height. For producers, this allows them to gain value on calves right out of the gate, as the average difference in growth was approximately 30 pounds difference between the control group and the highest dosage of choline.
For more details, view the abstract summaries here:
Effects of dietary rumen-protected choline supplementation during an intramammary lipopolysaccharide challenge in periparturient dairy cattle.
Joining us is Turner Swartz from Michigan State University discussing the effects of choline supplementation.
The hypothesis of the study is that choline supplementation increases milk yield due to a reduction in inflammation. To prove this, cows were put into inflammation with a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, which traditionally would decrease milk yield. The study found the choline response was greater than the LPS response. Choline increased milk production by 3kg per cow per day. The LPS was reducing production by 2kgs per cow per day.
For more details, view the abstract summary here: https://balchem.com/animal-nutrition-health/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/06/4-Effects-of-dietary-rumen-protected-choline-supplementation-during-an-intramammary-lipopolysaccharide-challenge-in-periparturient-dairy-cattle.pdf
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Scott Sorrell (00:00:10):
Hello everyone. And welcome to the real science exchange. My name is Scott Sorrell, director of global marketing for Balchem. Uh, today we're coming to you from the, uh, American dairy science association meetings here in, uh, Kansas City, Missouri. It's a warm day out there, a beautiful June day. Um, our first guest today is Turner Schwartz from Michigan state university Turner. I understand your advisor is, uh, Barry Bradford. He's not able to join you today.
Dr. Turner Swartz (00:00:37):
Uh, no, he is not,
Scott Sorrell (00:00:38):
Unfortunately. Okay. He's, he's working hard. Um, I understand you did a poster titled effects of dietary room and protected colon supplementation during late gestation on calf growth and metabolism. Think you could have made that any longer,
Dr. Turner Swartz (00:00:53):
Probably a little bit.
Scott Sorrell (00:00:54):
So anyway, can you tell us just a little bit about, uh, the poster? Um, have you presented that
Dr. Turner Swartz (00:00:59):
Yet? Yeah, it it's out here today.
Scott Sorrell (00:01:01):
Okay, great. Uh, so tell us about the Genesis of that, uh, the research.
Dr. Turner Swartz (00:01:06):
Yeah. So we came up with the idea of looking at prenatal choline supplementation, cuz some of the work that Marcos did at the University of Florida saw some profound effects on reducing mortality and improving health in those calves. So we were following up on that study trying to figure out why, why those calves were so much healthier, and why they were growing better. Uh, and we were doing some, uh, probably more mechanistic work, I guess, looking at improvements in a state of stress inflammation, changes in metabolism.
Scott Sorrell (00:01:36):
Okay, great. Now, do you have a lot of, uh, do you have a big audience for the poster today?
Dr. Turner Swartz (00:01:41):
Uh, we actually, I try to give my undergrads as much opportunity, so we had an undergrad presenting it today. Okay.
Scott Sorrell (00:01:47):
With me, my co-host today, at least on this section is, uh, Dr. Marco son, uh, formerly from the University of Florida now with biochem corporation and uh, Marcos, tell us a little bit about yourself, where you working at today.
Dr. Marco Zenobi (00:02:01):
Thank you, Scott. Um, I originally from Argentina. Okay. I did my Ph.D. in Florida as you sell. And today I do technical services for the Vatican in the Spanish markets, like Mexico, Chile, Peru, Argentina. So
Scott Sorrell (00:02:17):
Great. Great. You're doing a nice job down there too, mark. Thank you. Listen, I'm gonna let you guys have a conversation about the results of the research. I'll let the PhDs talk here. Okay.
Dr. Marco Zenobi (00:02:26):
Dr. Turner Swartz (00:02:36):
From the calf trial? Yeah. Yeah. Uh, so in the calf trial, the, the calves that were born from the colon supplemented dam supplemented dams in general, we saw reductions in oxidative stress markers and reductions in haptic, which is an acute phase protein associated with inflammation. Uh, some of those effects were dose-dependent or sex-dependent cuz we had both bull and heifer calves, but in general, we saw markers that were reducing inflammation or reducing oxidative stress. Uh, in addition to that, we saw some kind of neat interactions with, uh, the dams metabolism. So we, I think we did a nice job kind of under covering, uncovering the ability of the dams metabolism to influence the caps metabolism and how colon can modulate that response. So we saw some changes in the need for concentrations, um, associated with colon supplementation in those calves.
Dr. Marco Zenobi (00:03:26):
Okay. So can you explain a little bit more about the interaction that you saw between dams and yeah. The Cal
Dr. Turner Swartz (00:03:37):
Papers? Yeah. Well in just about everything that we measured, we saw an association of the dam metabolic parameters with the calves, which was kind of surprising. I, I wasn't expecting to see that such so profoundly, um, with the interaction that we saw with Coline we saw that as the dams NFA increased, the calf NFA also increased and that Colleen was abrogating that relationship. So Colleen was modulating or kind of moderating that response to the NFA concentrations were, uh, less if the dams NIFA was extremely high or not extremely high, but higher. Yeah.
Dr. Marco Zenobi (00:04:13):
That's nice. So there is some information out there that basically is telling us that 50% of the cows usually during the closeup will lose some condition, somebody condition score. So this data has some implication, I guess, for farmers, right?
Dr. Turner Swartz (00:04:29):
Yeah. I, I think so because if those cows are losing body condition, that's gonna impact the calf's metabolism most likely. Yeah. Um, and, and if colon can help modulate that response or improve those calves metabolism, maybe they will grow better, uh, in the pre-reading period.
Scott Sorrell (00:04:45):
Well, Turner, do you have a hypothesis for what that mode of action is?
Dr. Turner Swartz (00:04:49):
Uh, not really. I mean, it's probably related to methylation, um, because we're looking at prenatal treatments. Okay. So we're looking probably at methylation of DNA changing gene expression, which is altering the metabolism. Uh, I think looking into the liver of those CALS probably is worth looking at
Scott Sorrell (00:05:05):
Okay. And how profound were the differences?
Dr. Turner Swartz (00:05:09):
Uh, some of them were more profound than others. Um, they, we didn't actually see a response in growth, which we would've liked to have seen, but I wish we would've measured growth for a much longer time period. So one of the things we measured all of our responses for the first 21 days. And I think when you do these types of studies, kind of in hindsight, we should have gone through at least the weaning period. And we probably would've been able to pull out more response, but
Dr. Marco Zenobi (00:05:32):
The good thing that you are adding more evidence to the effect of calling in on the, on the cast performance. Right. So that's pretty nice.
Dr. Turner Swartz (00:05:40):
Yeah. We're definitely supplementing some of the work that you did at Florida.
Dr. Marco Zenobi (00:05:44):
Yeah. So maybe it's related, but it's knowing the after maybe we can ask, but you also have some good effects on the Tron. Right. Because these dam were supplemented with Colin during the close-up period. Yeah. And then you have some data, pretty cool data about colostrum. Can you share that with
Dr. Turner Swartz (00:06:02):
Us? Sure. Uh, so the cows I've received Coline uh, produced about 80% more colostrum than the control cows. So we saw a huge increase, uh, a really profound increase in colostrum yield. We did not see any effects on IgG content. So the cows were producing more colostrum, but not negatively affecting the IgG content. So usually when we see a huge increase in volume, we get a little bit concerned that we might dilute out those IgGs, but we didn't see that. So we saw a nice, substantial increase in colostrum yield.
Scott Sorrell (00:06:34):
Okay. Yeah. Kind of the same question before Turner, what would the mode of action of that be
Dr. Turner Swartz (00:06:41):
Uh, it could be several things. Um, anything from methylation, maybe we're increasing the number of memory epithelial cells that are secreting more colostrum, uh, maybe we're reducing apoptosis in a ma band. And so now we have more cells producing more colostrum. Um, it could be the activity of the cells, maybe we're enhancing their activity. So they're producing more colostrum there. It could be methylation, it could be related to the choline metabolites, you know, so there's a lot of different avenues and a lot of things for you guys to figure out
Scott Sorrell (00:07:13):
Dr. Turner Swartz (00:07:16):
Scott Sorrell (00:07:19):
Um, with that in mind, what do you see the next steps in this line of research,
Dr. Turner Swartz (00:07:23):
Uh, with the calves? Yes. Um, I think you should look at long term responses. You know, if we know coal link can modulate metabolism in those CALS, what is it doing in those cows when they reach adulthood first, second, third lactation, maybe you're improving metabolic adaptations to lactation even in that long term. Um, so I think that's an area I would look at. I know that there's some research that shows like prenatal, Colin can increase milk yield in those first lactation animals. And, and so following up on why that's occurring, I think would be useful.
Scott Sorrell (00:07:53):
Okay. Do you think we know enough yet today that, uh, we, we can, um, determine some, uh, practical implications or still we need to determine, do, do some more research?
Dr. Turner Swartz (00:08:04):
Scott Sorrell (00:08:29):
Super Turner. Wanna thank you for joining us today. Uh, I got a chance to meet you yesterday. Listen to your presentation. Uh, you're a very impressive young man, very bright. Uh, the, uh, the industry's in good hands. Can you tell us what your plans are gonna be?
Dr. Turner Swartz (00:08:44):
Uh, sure. Right now I am applying for faculty positions. Uh, so I'm finishing up my postdoc with Dr. Barry Bradford. I am applying for faculty positions and hopefully I'll be able to secure
Scott Sorrell (00:08:54):
One. Yeah, it's super, super excellent. Thank you, Turner and Marcos, wanna thank you for joining us here today. Um, for those out there who would like to read the poster. We're going to put the, the link in the show notes. So once again, thank you guys for joining us today. Thank you so much, Scott. Thank you, Dar. Hello everyone. And welcome to the American dairy science association. Today. We are featuring several students that have been giving posters and, uh, oral presentations here at the a DSA. And we're gonna be featuring 20 of them this week. And so right now we have with us, uh, is Tanya France from Cornell University. Welcome, Tanya to the real science exchange.
Speaker 4 (00:09:38):
Hi, thank you for having me today.
Scott Sorrell (00:09:40):
Oh, you're very welcome. So you did an oral presentation. Have you done that yet? Was it,
Speaker 4 (00:09:44):
Um, I have not done
Scott Sorrell (00:09:45):
That yet tomorrow. It's scheduled tomorrow. All right. Very well. The title that's called changes in plasma and milk colon metabolite concentrations in response to the provision of various room protected colon prototypes and lactating cows. So tell me a little bit about that research or maybe it should first. Uh, would you like to introduce your, uh, your professor here?
Speaker 4 (00:10:07):
Yeah. This is Dr. McFadden, um, from Cornell.
Speaker 5 (00:10:12):
Yep. Yeah, so been working with Tanya now for two years. Uh, she just passed her, uh, candidacy for her Ph.D. program. So we're super excited about that. And, uh, this project was one of many that, uh, I think Tony has taken on in her PhD program. We focused on the effects of, uh, room-protected choline on the choline and choline metabolite response in plasma and milk. You know, the overarching goal here is to define, uh, you know, the best Ru protected colon technologies that, uh, really enhance choline by availability. And, and that's difficult to do because it's not just about coal. It's about how colon is metabolized. And so her study, uh, tried to answer that question by really tracking sort of colon utilization, uh, in the count,
Scott Sorrell (00:10:55):
Right? Yeah. So, you know, um, B Kim, uh, we're the world's largest manufacturer of coaling and then one of the challenges we've had is that we're not able to, um, measure the bioavailability. Um, we, we, we create, uh, room-protected coal, and that's been very difficult. So this is, uh, a key part, this research kind of some of the similar research tried to help us understand that. Correct.
Speaker 5 (00:11:17):
Yeah. I mean, bioavailability is a tough thing to measure, um, especially in the cow, um, especially with room-protected technologies. Um, so, you know, we gotta get to a point though, where we better understand, uh, the amount of coal that is digestible metabolizable and bioavailable, and there's a lot, a lot of reliance in, on, in vitro approaches to do that. And there are a lot of limitations with those approaches. I'm not saying our approach in which I'll let Tanya talk, um, Tanya talk about, but there it's not the best. I mean, there, there are limitations to every approach is what I'm trying to say. And, um, but we need to better understand sort of the biological response. And so to do that, you have to use the cow
Scott Sorrell (00:11:53):
To do it. Yeah. Yeah. Very well. Tony, why don't you tell us a little bit about the research and how you went about setting up the protocol?
Speaker 4 (00:12:01):
Um, yeah, so, we ended up doing two different experiments for this study. So the first one was with, um, 12 mid-lactation dairy cows. And, um, we had an unreplicated Latin square design with, um, three main plots, which were prototypes one, two, and three, which were, um, room and protected products from ball cam. And, um, within each pro, which within each of those main plots, we had, um, one of four doses. So we, um, had zero or control and then, um, 18 30, 6, and 54 grams of colon chloride. Um, and we gave these as, um, a ruminal bolus to the cow and measured, um, plasma and milk over about 36 hours. Um, and seeing if there was a linear dose effect of the products. Um, and we, we did wanna look at, um, a couple of different metabolites that haven't been measured in dairy cows before
Speaker 6 (00:13:03):
In your experiment, you used mid-lactation and late-lactation cows. Um, but you know, we typically feed room protected, cooling to transition cows. So can you explain a little bit about why you chose those stages of lactation in your experiment?
Speaker 4 (00:13:18):
We chose to do that because, um, the responses to room protected, cooling in a transition cow, those, um, plasma metabolites or milk metabolites, um, are gonna be highly variable and nutrients are going to be partitioned, or we would think partitioned towards the Maori gland. So to kind of remove those, um, variables or make it less variable, we chose to do mid and late lactation cows. And for the study, um, it is more of a bioavailability study, it seemed, um, like a better option to use mid and late lactation cows. Granted, we weren't, we were not comparing, um, the two since they were two completely different studies, but, um, yeah,
Scott Sorrell (00:14:01):
My co-host for today's session is Carrie ES Carrie. This is your first time at the real science exchange it is to join us today. Thank you. Thank you. Tell us a little about yourself and your role here at
Speaker 6 (00:14:12):
BLK. So I'm a research associate with Bache and I've been working with Bacom for five years now. So
Scott Sorrell (00:14:17):
Very well. Do you have any questions for us today?
Speaker 6 (00:14:19):
Yeah, so Scott already jumped the gun on some of my questions, so thanks. But, um, uh, I wanted to ask about rumor protection. Methylene right. There's a lot of talk about methylene versus colon. So did you supplement with rumor protective methylene in this experiment?
Speaker 4 (00:14:36):
Um, we did not supplement with rumor protective methionine, so, um, the diets were considered deficient in Methin. Um, and the purpose of doing that was we, again, didn't want these variables, um, influencing the effects of, um, colon being, uh, utilized by the cow. So, um, really honestly, for that purpose, we chose to have a deficient diet. We wanted the cow to be able to utilize colon as it would normally without kind of, um, competing with methionine, I guess you could say mm-hmm
Speaker 5 (00:15:13):
And I'll just add to that and say that, you know, if we were to do a study like that, where you were to compare room protected, colon versus room protected methionine on sort of methyl donors and colon utilization, you know, there's some overlap there and that methionine cycle helps contribute to sort of endogenous colon synthesis as a fossil lipid as phosphide choline, but there are things that choline does that are very unique that methylene really can't contribute to. And so, um, there's probably merit to studying those things simultaneously, but that's something just, we didn't do.
Scott Sorrell (00:15:45):
You had mentioned before Joe, that, um, there are challenges with some of the in vitro, uh, methodologies that people are using and even said that yours is not perfect. Um, so what do you see the future for, uh, developing and understanding, uh, this kind of a technique that you're using? Where do you see it going in the future? What kinda research is gonna be required to get it to the point where we can have a reliable, uh, way to test and, uh, measure choline availability, bioavailability, whatever you want to
Speaker 5 (00:16:13):
Call it? Yeah. I'd first start with more in Viro in vivo studies, excuse me, that, that look at the digestible colon. So we're sort of looking at, uh, sort of fecal choline output and response to these products about how much they're fed. And that will give us the least of one good understanding of what's being digestible, but then we better need to understand what's going on Post as well. I mean, one of the things that Tanya was showing in, this particular study was an increase in the metabolite called Trimeth oxide or TMAO. And that is actually, um, a product of colon degradation and it happens in the Ruen and it happens in the intestine and we don't understand yet. Um, what Contra, um, how much sort of what the extent of that colon degradation of TMAO is. Um, and, but if we can try to quantify that we might have, and in vivo tool in the future to be able to assess sort of colding degradation in vivo. And I think that could be a powerful tool, cuz then you could potentially just use a milk sample or urine sample. Uh, and then that would be great for product comparison, um, kind of experiments, um, but also figuring out dietary approaches to enhance colding by availability, by reducing degradation of coal
Scott Sorrell (00:17:21):
Mm-hmm
Speaker 5 (00:17:33):
Yeah, I could say that, um, you know, across a variety of products, you're gonna have different amounts of room protection. You're probably gonna have different extents of intestinal release and you're gonna have a different degree of availability. Um, and I would say that based on sort of my observations that that's a wide range, there's a lot of differences. Um, and so I would love to see the literature be more transparent in terms of, um, uh, what is, uh, digestible. And I think we need more data that we need more science behind that. Um, and I know there's a lot of push to sort of recommending coal feeding on how on a gram per day of, of USED, but I'd like to see that field move forward to towards a digestible metabolizable colon basis. That would be great, uh, for the future of the field.
Scott Sorrell (00:18:21):
Yeah. Yeah. Thank you, Tanya, do you have any plans, for choline bioavailability research? Are you moving on to the next thing?
Speaker 4 (00:18:29):
Uh, am I allowed,
Speaker 5 (00:18:30):
Um, yeah, I'll say we're doing things
Scott Sorrell (00:18:53):
Great, great.
Speaker 4 (00:19:03):
Yeah, so I'll be hopefully graduating in May of next year. Um, and I'm hopefully going to be starting a postdoc after that, um, to go into academia, potentially following a postdoc. So we will see very good.
Scott Sorrell (00:19:19):
Very good. Well, the future's bright for the ag industry, uh, bright minds like yourself. We want to thank you for coming today. Joining us here at the real science exchange, Joe, this is at least your second trip here. Yeah. Thank you. It's great to see you again. I
Speaker 5 (00:19:31):
Think again, it was probably the first one I
Scott Sorrell (00:19:32):
Think you were.
Speaker 5 (00:19:33):
Yeah, I remember that. That was a fun one.
Scott Sorrell (00:19:34):
That was a fun one. All right. Thanks, folks. We'll see you next.
Speaker 5 (00:19:38):
Thank you.
Scott Sorrell (00:19:46):
Welcome back everyone to the American dairy science association taking place here in downtown Kansas City, Missouri, we're here and interviewing today, uh, Mond Arshad, uh Usman we met yesterday, uh, saw your presentation. You're a very accomplished young man. Very impressive. Um, understand you just got done completing your oral presentation here at the DSA how'd that go?
Speaker 7 (00:20:09):
It went very well. Yeah, because people recognize that this was the novel work, which has been done first time to show how calling can, uh, alleviate the risk of a fat liver cow. So I was excited a lot excited. Yeah. It went
Scott Sorrell (00:20:23):
Very well. Yeah. Very good. So the title and your presentation was room protected. Colon reduces hepatic triglycerol, uh, content by increasing hepatic triglyceride, and rich lipoprotein secretion. So how'd you come up with the idea for this research? Was this your idea or Dr. Santos's?
Speaker 7 (00:20:42):
Well, uh, back in the nineties and early 2000 Dr. Grimer and other colleagues, proposed a hypothesis that a Roman-protected colon might be enhancing the export of TRIL gly from the hepatic tissue. So that's how the colon can reduce the risk of fatty liver in CALS, but no one has proved this concept. So, uh, we knew what was going on, but we just needed to prove this. So in this particular experiment, we proved this concept.
Scott Sorrell (00:21:14):
Okay. And just in general terms, how would you explain the protocol how'd you go about proving this so
Speaker 7 (00:21:20):
Well, uh, we all know that it's pretty much well known now, like colon, it enhances the S of phos Al choline, which is a major phospho lip. So we thought probably co if enhance the,
Speaker 7 (00:21:34):
Uh, phosphor lips part, it can enhance the real LDL particles like lipoprotein particles. And the good thing about very low density, lipoprotein particle, is it packaged TRIL gly into its core component. So you can say easily that 50 to 60% of the composition of that lipoprotein particle is mainly composed of TRIL gly. Now, if calling can enhance this synthesis of this lipoprotein particle, and we know that this article contains the majority of TRIL Glo, so the TRIL Glo, which is deposited in the hepatic tissue, can be packaged inside that particle, which can come out of the hepatic tissue. So that's how you can reduce the deposition of triatic tissue and ex export it out of the blood.
Scott Sorrell (00:22:24):
Oh, very interesting. My co-host joining me today is Dr. Ryan Ordway. Uh, Ryan, tell us a little bit about yourself and what do you do for Bache?
Speaker 8 (00:22:33):
Thanks, Scott. I appreciate you having me. Here's part of the podcast.
Scott Sorrell (00:22:37):
This is your first time. Hopefully not your last, my
Speaker 8 (00:22:39):
The first podcast ever. So yes. Yeah. Um, I've been with, uh, baches, uh, for 13 years and held various roles within the company. Uh, technically started technical, and now I'm the global director of strategic accounts. And so go a lot with, uh, research, product development, um, very well business side of things anymore.
Scott Sorrell (00:23:02):
Yeah. Yep. Glad to have you here. Um, I'll just hand it off to you. If you got any questions for this mind.
Speaker 8 (00:23:07):
I do. So this is, uh, this is really interesting research, um, that you've been doing. And I think, you know, for, uh, I, I hate to say I've been in the, in the industry now for a while, but I've been in the industry for a while and you know, this is this research is an evolution, I think from my standpoint of, you know, where we've been, where sort of feeding him what type research where we, you know, feed something like Coline look for a response, you know, usually in feed intake or milk production or whatever. And, um, you know, now we're actually with the technology, we have looked at the expression of genes and it's, you know, sort of, to be the next generation of research, next generation of science and unlocking what, what is going on, um, actually within the animal, you know, biologically not just what we see on the outside being body condition score or, uh, production or whatever. So tell me a little bit about, you know, sort of the Genesis behind looking at genes and, and you, you know, saw all kinds of different expression of, of the, of genes with, you know, in response to feeding colon, anything that stood out to you and, uh, any key findings, um, that, that the audience would be interested in learning.
Speaker 7 (00:24:25):
Yeah. So, uh, I think, I guess, uh, Mr. Any expression, or in other words, gene expression, it tells you a snapshot of what's going on at the cell level. Like, as you said, we can see if the cow is producing more me or not. If she's losing weight or not, or if she's gaining weight by comparing body condition score, or by comparing milk yield of two cows, that's pretty much evident, but what's happening inside the tissue and the cell. So this, when you do the MRN expression, it gives you the, uh, ideas that how your treatment is affecting at a cellular level, which is a very small, less unit in the body. So well in our experiment when we supplemented goin. So we had a lot of genes which were upregulated, meaning the message to synthesize proteins for some particular, uh, molecules was, was, was, was, was a lot.
Speaker 7 (00:25:22):
So for example, as I said before if you want to reduce the risk of fatty liver, which is certainly not good for the health of cows and productivity of the cows if you want to reduce the risk of that fatty liver, you have to remove that fat from the liver. And one way to do that is to export that fat out of the liver, how you can do that to enhance the synthesis of lipoproteins. Now there is a procedure in the body to synthesize that lipoprotein, which is not a single-step process. It involves three or four steps. You need to have enough PPH lips there, enough proteins there, and TRIL gly. Now, if you feed colon, the message went to the cells that are that led to synthesis more of those proteins, which were able to package that TRIL gly into the, uh, real LDL particle.
Speaker 7 (00:26:16):
And one of the genes MTDB microsomal tri transfer triglycerides protein. So what this protein does, is it actually takes the TRIL gly, which is accumulated diabetic tissue, and which is not good to stay there. So it's gonna take that with, with itself, and it's gonna package to lipoprotein, and it's gonna keep doing that. And the other genes like apple, B 48, it's a protein, which is required for the assembly of that real LDL particle. So the more expression of these genes would be there, there would be more protein synthesis. That's gonna increase the synthesis and assembly of those lipoproteins, which are gonna export this TRIL cholesterol out of the tissue. So that's how colon can enhance the, uh, sorry. The colon can reduce the incidence of fat liver costs.
Speaker 8 (00:27:01):
It's pretty interesting, Scott. This is my, uh, bus discussion. So Gorman was able to demonstrate we were able to make more cooling buses. Yeah,
Scott Sorrell (00:27:10):
Yeah. This goes back to a PowerPoint presentation. Ryan, it showed me the other day and, uh, it was kinda like, uh, calling for dummies that's what he was using the bus concept. Cuz he was talking to me about that anyway. Sorry about that.
Speaker 8 (00:27:21):
Right? Yeah. So one of them, I think the interesting concept behind this type of research is that not only has shown the effects of the colon, but I think allows us to look at how the colon is interacting with other nutrients as well. Mm-hmm
Speaker 7 (00:27:49):
Yeah. So calling it a method donor, right? And there are also other method donors which are available, uh, such as Metin wound protected Metin or BTA. And, uh, we have seen in the literature that Colin truly helps as a lipotropic agent. Let me give you an example. So, so far, if I remember correctly, there are six or seven trials where people were trying to see if, whether Roman-protected Methin can reduce the risk of fatty liver and they were unable to detect the effect. So it means that the Roman protected the colon, sorry, the Roman protected Methin which might affect the production components. It can enhance milk, protein synthesis, or milk production, but for the hepatic tissue, the colon should be fed to the cows. Like in our experiment, we maintained, uh, uh, the required amount of metabolizable met so that we can isolate the effect of polling. So all the cows had the same level of the meeting, but the cows who were supplemented with colon had less infiltration of TRIL gly in the hepatic tissue. So this means that the colon is a, is lipotropic agent and it should also be fed along with other natural donors, such as lymphatic met.
Speaker 8 (00:29:11):
So really looking, uh, basically saying the biology's working in concert, uh, with other compounds, not, yes, not one, one nutrient or bioactive working by itself and doing its own thing, but everything impacting as a whole.
Speaker 7 (00:29:27):
Exactly because, uh, uh, Coline, Metin builtin all participate in one-carbon metabolism. So colon can be transferred to Metin and Metin can, can play its roles in the production components. Uh, but for the hepatic tissue, uh, I think all in is more necessary in terms of, uh, uh, balance feeding Russians.
Scott Sorrell (00:29:50):
Yeah. Uzman as we kind of wrap things up here, can you kind of put a bow on the conversation, and what are some of the keys, uh, one or two takeaways for the audience today from this, uh, research?
Speaker 7 (00:30:00):
So well, uh, uh, I have been in research for the last four years, so it's not only one experiment. We also conducted the meta-analysis where we, uh, included all these studies, which have been done in the last 20 years to see what the colon does to the, uh, productive performance and health of cows. And interestingly, uh, uh, if you supplement 12.9 grams of colon Aon during the transition period, it enhanced milk production, almost two kilograms per day. And, uh, concurrent with the reduced health events, such as mastitis or 10%. And now with this experiment where we induced fatty liver in cows, and then we supplemented them with the colon. So we were able to detect a lower incidence of fatty liver. So if you have less fatty liver, the cows would be in greater health, they would be producing more milk and that would be beneficial for the, uh, the economics of the dairy heart.
Scott Sorrell (00:30:52):
Okay. Now I understand your, uh, collegiate career is coming to an end you're, uh, graduating soon, and, uh, we'll be going back home to Pakistan. So what research is left to be done, and who's gonna carry on that research, uh, in your absence.
Speaker 7 (00:31:07):
Well, uh, I would say a lot of things that could be done with, uh, with, with this little research. So for example, the findings of our experiment, suggest that the colon enhances, uh, lipoprotein synthesis. But we do not know if there were more lipoprotein particles or if the size of the lipoprotein particle was more, another way, is if the colon in supplemented cows were able to package more triglycerides in one Lipin particle, or if the particle size itself was bigger enough to have more triglycerides. So that would be one of the components that would be looked into that. And another, finding, which comes into our meta-analysis, is the availability of literature on the effects of coal on reproduction, we have seen plenty of literature suggesting that the colon enhances embryo development. It can enhance fertility, but there are not very many experiments away where we can enroll, let's say 500 cows, 700 cows, one group receives goal in one group receives no treatment. And then we can see if it can enhance the fertility of the cows or not. So if we can hit that area as well, it would be good for the farmers and produce it as well.
Scott Sorrell (00:32:23):
All right. Thank you very much for joining us, uh, this afternoon here at TD a DSA and, uh, look forward to, uh, staying in touch with you down the road.
Speaker 9 (00:32:31):
Thank you. Tonight's podcast stories are brought to you by reassured precision release. Colon reassure is the most researched, encapsulated colon on the market today consistently delivering results to your transition cows of higher peak milk reduced metabolic disorders. And even in utero benefits to her calf, leading to growth and health improvements, visit bache.com to learn more.
Scott Sorrell (00:33:00):
And we're back here at the, uh, American dairy science association meeting. Once again with Zeman R shed, I'd like to be able to call you Dr. R shed, but I guess I can't do that just yet. You're defending in what? Just about a month. Yeah,
Speaker 7 (00:33:13):
I would be defending next month. 19th of July.
Scott Sorrell (00:33:15):
Yeah. Defending at the end of July at the university of Florida. Yes. So had a storied career there, uh, with Dr. Joe SA Santo. So welcome back. We did a, uh, uh, a session with you just a little bit ago, understand you've got a poster that you'll be presenting on, uh, Wednesday of this week and that's titled room protected, colon influences, hepatic metabolism during induction of fatty liver. So why don't you gimme some background in terms of the, uh, the, the, uh, thesis or hypothesis for that, uh, that, uh, poster?
Speaker 7 (00:33:47):
Yeah, so, uh, previously Dr. Gr and his colleagues, actually indu fatty liver in cows. And then they assured us that the colon acts as a lipotropic agent, but we did not know actually how much colon should be fat to the cows. So, uh, then Dr. Charles staples and colleagues, they conducted another experiment where they had different levels of Coline Aon, and they observed a Leni decrease in the concentration of pad TRIL cholesterol. So still, I would say, uh, the exact amount of calling which should be fed is unknown. And another question is whether a source containing a low concentration of co-chide versus a high concentration of co-chide, how it can impact the hepatic metabolism, and the third one, uh, which was the key objective behind this experiment, uh, to illustrate the effects of the colon, uh, with two different amounts and with two different sources on the hepatic metabolism and lymphatic composition in dairy cars.
Scott Sorrell (00:34:47):
Okay. And so what's your opinion of using this model to determine the relative bioavailability of colon, um, in an animal?
Speaker 7 (00:34:56):
Well, we can certainly, uh, do that, but the only problem is, uh, if you infuse colon, it's not that you will infuse colon and then you, uh, measure the concentration of colon in blood, and then you can make the difference how much you infused, how much it showed up in the blood. Well, in my opinion, the colon, can be uptake by the tissues as well because the colon involved instances of cell membranes. So we would not know how much colon is going towards intestinal tissues or how much colon is going towards ketones or hepatic tissues or spleen. So we might underestimate the bioavailability of the
Speaker 8 (00:35:39):
Cows.
Scott Sorrell (00:35:40):
All right. Very well. Like to introduce my co-host Dr. Ryan Ordway back once again, thank you again for joining us, Ryan,
Speaker 8 (00:35:46):
I'm a veteran podcast. You're now you
Scott Sorrell (00:35:48):
Are now. Absolutely.
Speaker 8 (00:35:50):
Yeah. So, this was a, again, another pretty interesting, uh, groundbreaking study. It, uh, you know, really looking at a variety of different things, as you had mentioned, a couple different, uh, prototypes, different levels of product. And really, I think the key difference was, and this one was looking at, um, circulating levels of Trias Only Trias cholesterol in, uh, plasma versus lymph system. Is that correct? Yes.
Speaker 7 (00:36:20):
So, uh, the idea was Dr. When Dr. Charles staple and Marcus, they experimented. So what they did actually, they induce, uh, fatty liver by imposing the fear restriction. And when you impose your restriction, meaning that you are not giving enough galleries to the cows whatsoever are needed. So this is kind of an intestinal insult. So this intestinal insert leads to the leaky gut mm-hmm
Speaker 7 (00:37:30):
Interestingly, we found an increased concentration of TRIL gly in the blood and the lymphatic system as well. So, which suggests that the colon is, might enhance the digestibility of the nutrients. That's one component. And second, if you feed a dietary source of fat to the car at the level of the intestine, that TRIL guy is going to be packaged inside the chylomicron. And now chylomicron is another lip protein. So we know that the colon can enhance this in of SFE colon, which is also used for the distance of chylomicrons. So probably there is more digestibility of the nutrients concurrent with increased senses of Kylo microns that might be enhancing the absorption of those TRIL cells. So if this works, then if you feed coal into the transition period, it might enhance the digestibility of the nutrient. So cows would be able to consume those nutrients in a more efficient way than non-supplemented cows.
Speaker 8 (00:38:32):
All right. So what does that mean to all the listeners out there? We know how it's impacting the cow. What does it mean for dairy producers, nutritionists, and veterinarians?
Speaker 7 (00:38:46):
Well, this means, how much efficiency of the nutrients is being utilized by the cow to synthesize the milk. You know, so if you have nutrients, if you have more digestibility of the nutrients, the cow would have more substrates available for the synthesis of milk fat, or the synthesis of milk components. Eventually, they're gonna increase the fat shield or the, or, or, or milk components that would certainly be good for the productive performance of the cows and obviously for the economics of Dary's hearts.
Speaker 8 (00:39:18):
So more money, better health. Yeah. That's
Speaker 7 (00:39:20):
All better health
Speaker 8 (00:39:21):
Right time. Very nice. Very nice. So what, uh, you know, again, these studies are, so, I mean, at the research coming out of Dr. Santo's lab, and it just continues to be so robust, what, um, what are some of the other key, key factors, key or key results that, you know, you, you would like to talk about from this research?
Speaker 7 (00:39:44):
So, well, we, uh, looked into the, uh, different blood metabolites and one of the meta metabolites was Helo and Helo is an acute phase response, which is kind of a marker for the inflammation. So interestingly cows who were fed with colon, had reduced concentrations of Helo, meaning that the inflammatory reactions there were less in those cows. So, uh, if you have a less inflammatory response, uh, that might also, uh, reduce, uh, the injury to the hepatocytes. And that might also reduce the risk of fatty liver in those cows. So it's not only increasing the senses of lipoproteins or enhancing the digestability or enhancing product performance. It also has a less inflammatory response in those skulls that might be better to have, you know, less inflammatory events at the, after the onset of caving, like written placenta or mastitis or metritis. So colon might have an indirect immunomodulatory effect, uh, to improve the immune function of the cows.
Speaker 8 (00:40:52):
So this has to be interesting for Dr. Santos because he, uh, when he was at the University of California, did some research. Um, I think it was published under Lima.
Speaker 7 (00:41:03):
Yes Olima
Speaker 8 (00:41:05):
And you know, that research showed just general improvements in health, uh, you know, MATR reductions in ketosis, et cetera, et cetera, but just sort of observational data. So this is, this is maybe getting to helping understand some of those mechanisms as to what, what was observed in some of those previous research 15 years ago.
Speaker 7 (00:41:27):
Exactly, exactly. Uh, you can say that because when they, I think they conducted expired in 2012. Yes. So, uh, they supplemented cows, uh, with human ed colon, I think, uh, during that transition period 21 days before Calvin until 80 days, uh, postpartum and they observed, uh, less 10 placentae and mastitis, as you said, but later on, a lot of studies have been doing that with the in vitro aspects where they were challenging the immune cells, such as neutrophils, uh, with the Lippa polysaccharide, which is LPs. So if you field calling, so they had, they show that feeling calling can in sure that feeding choline can enhance the immune function because there was more, uh, oxidative burst or you can see here, there was more, uh, uh, the activity of the neutrophils to, uh, phagocytized. The antigen was more in colon supplemented cows. So that's how probably Coline is hand hands in the immune function of those cows.
Speaker 8 (00:42:30):
This is, uh, pretty, uh, sorry, Scott, I keep interrupting you, but I'm gonna geek out here a little bit on the science side. It's, uh, you know, pretty fascinating because we've, you know, reassured has been out for 20 plus years, almost 25 years, I think. And, uh, you know, we've always generally heard in the past, right. Animals seem to be healthier, just doing better, not as lethargic, just generally better. And now we're finally able to, you know, with this type of research, able to elucidate, why, why that general, you know, cows look generally better is, is happening. It's, it's, it's a real, yeah. Real scientific biological processes going
Scott Sorrell (00:43:12):
On. Yeah. It's a very good point. Ryan Osman, as we kind of wrap things up here, have any final thoughts you'd like to leave with the
Speaker 7 (00:43:17):
Audience? Yeah. So, uh, I hope when I go back to my country, uh, we are a country with the almost 2 million dairy cows and 42 million dairy buffalos we have. And, uh,
Scott Sorrell (00:43:29):
Let's just say that country is Pakistan.
Speaker 7 (00:43:32):
Yes. Pakistan. Yes, exactly. So, but, uh, it's, it surprised me that, uh, people in our country, they are not familiar with the new concepts of the method, donors feeling like, you know, calling met in BTA. So certainly I would like to, uh, uh, start as an initiative in this area in my country. And I would like to conduct some research on this to gain the confidence of our general public dairy producers, and farmers, and, uh, introduce them to modern concepts of baller Russian. So that's the number one thing, which I would like to do
Scott Sorrell (00:44:05):
That. Okay. And have you secured a position yet over there?
Speaker 7 (00:44:08):
Yeah. So I'm already a faculty member. I earned an assistantship here, so I am, I am going back there. I, I would resume a faculty position
Scott Sorrell (00:44:14):
At what university.
Speaker 7 (00:44:15):
It's a university of veterinary and animal sciences, Lahore. Okay,
Scott Sorrell (00:44:19):
Excellent. Thank you very much. I wish you the best of luck. And the next time I see you, I hope I can say, uh, Dr. Aha.
Speaker 7 (00:44:26):
Well, I will just, you would say that,
Scott Sorrell (00:44:35):
Hello everyone. Scott SRE here coming to you from the American dairy science association meetings here in Kansas City, we've been interviewing students some very bright and talented students and, our next one's no exception. Um, a newly minted doctor Dr. Henry holds orf from the University of Wisconsin is with us today. Welcome to the actual science exchange Henry.
Speaker 10 (00:44:58):
Thanks for having me on Scott.
Scott Sorrell (00:44:59):
Very welcome. Henry, have two posters that we're gonna be reviewing today. Would you mind giving us, uh, an overview of what those posters were about?
Speaker 10 (00:45:07):
Yeah, so Scott, we were trying to figure out if increasing the dose of room and protected colon prepartum would have an impact on postpartum performance and metabolism in Holstein, dairy cows. So we're looking at increasing from, what the recommended dose is currently to about one and a half times the current recommended dose.
Scott Sorrell (00:45:29):
Interesting. Yes.
Speaker 11 (00:45:30):
So Henry, can you give us a little detail on the animals used in this study, on the cows?
Speaker 10 (00:45:36):
Yeah, so the cows in this experiment were all multiparous, so they're either second or greater lactation. So we're, we're looking at cows who are closer to mature-sized, with less growth going on during lactation. And these cows are producing a pretty high level of milk. Um, a lot of the research that we've looked at previously in the room and protected colon when we compare it to these cows, they produce about 40% more than the average of those experiments. So a little bit higher producing cows than what's previously been looked at.
Speaker 11 (00:46:07):
So 40% more. So we're talking 55 60 kilograms potentially.
Speaker 10 (00:46:13):
Yep. On average during the first a hundred days of Mel.
Speaker 11 (00:46:15):
Okay.
Scott Sorrell (00:46:16):
Gentlemen, I forgot to introduce my cohost, uh, for this session this morning got Dr. Jeff Elliott here on my left, and on my right is Dr. Pete Morrow.
Speaker 12 (00:46:25):
So, uh, did, did it feel, did it seem that the, uh, the larger dose was justified? Did you have better performance in the higher dose, uh, treatments?
Speaker 10 (00:46:35):
So, no, we were a little bit surprised. I mean, we hypothesized based on the meta-analysis of previous research, that we would see amplified production responses with the higher dose, but we didn't observe differences in energy-corrected milk between the high dose and control. However, we did see that current recommendation, we did see a pretty consistent response in energy corrected milk compared to previous research.
Speaker 12 (00:46:59):
What was that difference?
Speaker 10 (00:47:01):
It's about two kilograms per day, but from 21 days, 200 days of milk. So actually after we had stopped supplementing colon, it's kind of a carryover effect.
Speaker 11 (00:47:11):
So, you know, we generally see that two kilograms, four-pound increase, but as you said, those cows were high producing. Did it surprise you that you still saw that amount of increase when the room-protected coaling was fed at that high level of milk production?
Speaker 10 (00:47:31):
I, you know, I don't think it did. I think when, when we think about the mechanisms behind the colon and the high level of production, so with negative energy balance during their early lactation period, especially when they're producing even more milk, I think we still expected to see benefits thinking about the mechanisms behind potential effects. Right. Okay.
Speaker 12 (00:47:58):
I noticed from the, uh, study, it appeared that the cows that very high intakes, do you think these cows were larger than the average cow maybe you'd see in the Midwest or other parts of the country?
Speaker 10 (00:48:08):
I think they're pretty typical of Midwest Holstein cows, but probably bigger than, you know, Florida cows, for example.
Speaker 11 (00:48:16):
So on that same note, I had this question for the end, not from a size standpoint, but body condition. I, I know it's subjective, but I think you had an average 3.8 body condition score to me in, in these days. That's a pretty hefty animal going in. We'll see a, sometimes three, two at Kevin 3, 2, 5. And even though we haven't talked about the results in nutrient partitioning, I'm intrigued. If you think if they had been 3, 2, 5 versus three eight, would that have affected, or would you have seen different changes in that nutrient partitioning?
Speaker 10 (00:48:54):
I think with this bigger cow or bigger or higher body condition score cows, we're probably more likely to mobilize more body fat during our lactation period. There's some research looking at differences in insulin sensitivity and function between those different body condition score groups. So I, I do think there are probably differences in, in the way that choline colon impacts those cows, you know, high, higher body condition score, cows that are mobilizing more ATIP post tissue. What I would say is interesting in this study is that we didn't have a high incidence of subclinical ketosis in these animals. Um, we did have some da risk. And I think part of that is from the way that those cows are enrolled pretty far, they're in these Kain, electronic Kain gates. And so they need to be trained on how to use those. And I can't, I'm speculating here, but I wonder if some of those cows maybe don't train as quickly, and some of that can impact their postpartum health. Okay.
Speaker 11 (00:49:59):
So feeding off of that, the, you think they're mobilizing a little more body condition or body fat because they're higher body condition. Is that part of the response, some milk fatty as did Denovo milk fatty acids may have come from? Cause I think you saw an increase.
Speaker 10 (00:50:14):
Yep. So, no, actually that was a little bit surprising. So in early lactation with the woman-protected Coline, we saw new, uh, a small increase in circulating fatty acids. Right. But we also saw those increases in Denovo milk, and fatty acids, which we would kind of expect the inverse. So with the increases in circling fatty acids, we would think you'd see increases in pre-formed fatty acids, but it seemed to be an improvement in milk, fatty acids produced within the mam gland driving impacts on milk feeds.
Speaker 12 (00:50:50):
Now that'd be an indication to possibly improve room health
Speaker 10 (00:50:54):
Could be, could be. Yeah, I'm, I'm interested. I think that's, um, an area that deserves some more exploration if a room-protected colon is impacting memory gland function. If something is going on there, or if it's like you're saying an impact on room health and supply of nutrients important for milk fatty acid symptom. I mean, that's a lot of speculation, but I think it's especially considering the carryover effects that we're seeing after we stop supplementing colon that it's an area that deserves some exploration.
Speaker 12 (00:51:29):
Did the supplemented cows have better, uh, dry matter intake prepartum?
Speaker 10 (00:51:36):
No. Uh, that was probably one of the most striking and surprising impacts of this study is we saw a reduction in pre Partum dry matter intake with those recommended feeding rates of the room-protected colon compared to control.
Speaker 11 (00:51:50):
Um, but I'm curious about the blood jury and nitrogen, I think you saw lower levels. Do you think that just occurred or do you think there was an association? What does that mean?
Speaker 10 (00:52:01):
Yeah, that's uh, so, so one of the limitations of this study is that we didn't have postpartum dry matter intake. So we gotta be careful when we think about our, lungs, our Milky nitrogen blood nitrogen in terms of what it means. I think we need to understand what the protein supply was when we think about those effects, but a little bit of speculation here. We're interested in nitrogen efficiency and environmental impacts. And I, I think the reason that we're interested in those blood urine nitrogen is as cows are, you know, negative energy balance and negative protein balance in early lactation, if we can affect protein turnover, say in muscle tissue. And, um, I, I think it, I, I don't want to make too much of it cuz we don't have that post barn dry or intake data, but I think it's an area that's out of interest and should be focused on. Okay.
Speaker 11 (00:52:59):
Thanks.
Scott Sorrell (00:53:00):
All right, gentlemen, this has been a very interesting discussion if you'd like to see, um, Henry's posters will put a link in the show notes. Um, Henry, why don't you just wrap it up for us, put a bow on it, and talk about maybe what the practical implications of the research uh, is.
Speaker 10 (00:53:16):
Okay. Yeah. So I think really what this experiment tells us is that the current recommended feeding rates of room protective colon are probably sufficient in the prepartum period. And I think the other interesting thing is that, and this is something that we didn't mention, we mix the treatments into the TMR. So it's not a top dress experiment. Like a lot of them have been. So this is a little bit more consistent with how Cole spent in the industry. I think that's an important part of this experiment
Scott Sorrell (00:53:42):
Very well. And then finally just got your, uh, Ph.D. what's next for Henry.
Speaker 10 (00:53:47):
So I'll be a dairy consultant with pure animal nutrition working out in Madison, Wisconsin.
Scott Sorrell (00:53:51):
Excellent. They're getting a good young man. So thank you so much. Wish you the best of luck. Hello everyone. We're here at, a DSA meeting with Dr. Henry Haldorf from the University of Wisconsin soon-to-be Purina mills, Henry. Welcome to the actual science exchange.
Speaker 10 (00:54:13):
Thanks, Scott.
Scott Sorrell (00:54:14):
Now I understand that you, uh, presented, uh, a poster this morning, um, and the title of which was the effects of in utero exposure on growth and feed efficiency in Holstein, dairy calves, um, how'd that go, uh, this morning? Did you get a lot of tough questions?
Speaker 10 (00:54:31):
You know, it was a little slow early in the morning, but it picked up as the morning went on, um, pretty good interest the, in the poster.
Scott Sorrell (00:54:38):
Yeah. This should give us an overview of, uh, the poster, the data that was presented today, and some of the key findings.
Speaker 10 (00:54:45):
Yeah. So what we did is feed pre Partum cow's room and protect the colon. And we were interested in potential and utero effects on early life growth and feed efficiency. And what we saw was during the first two weeks of life, that the higher dose that we fed tended to increase average daily gain and feed efficiency compared to control.
Speaker 12 (00:55:04):
Do you think these, uh, higher daily gains would, um, also help with, uh, disease problems in early life?
Speaker 10 (00:55:12):
So I, that's an important, uh, that's an important perspective about this experiment. Um, in these Holstein's calves, we had a pretty high incidence of Amasa bloat, and that Amasa bloat was mostly during the first two weeks where we saw those improvements in average daily gain and feed efficiency. Um, we're thinking that it, it may be where, where colon can help during those, uh, those gastrointestinal insults that it may be part of the story that it's helping during those.
Speaker 12 (00:55:50):
Okay. Thanks
Scott Sorrell (00:55:51):
Gentlemen. I forgot to introduce my co-host, uh, for the session this morning got Dr. Jeff Elliott here on my left, and on my right is Dr. Pete Morrow.
Speaker 12 (00:56:00):
I, I see, uh, part of the study was that, uh, a linear response to Colleen ion intake. Can you explain how the cows were fed so we could get that type of measure?
Speaker 10 (00:56:11):
Yeah, that's a good question. So most of the room research and protected Coline has been with the top dress. So you're specifically targeting an amount of Coline the way we did it in this experiment is we want to be a little bit more consistent with how the colon is fed in the industry. And so we mixed it into the TMR. And what that means is that the actual amount of choline that was consumed by the cow depends on her dry matter intake. And so what happened is we had a range of choline intakes from about six grams up to 24 grams per date.
Speaker 11 (00:56:44):
So I wanna go back to your point on the colon, potentially improving gut health. Where, where do you think that's coming from? Is it, is its improvement, in the gut lining absorption expand on that?
Speaker 10 (00:57:02):
I think I think that we need quite a bit more research to answer that question. Um, if I can speculate a little bit about a potential mechanism colon's important for, uh, neuro transmitting in the brain and gut development. So this, and this is speculation. That means
Speaker 11 (00:57:25):
We like speculation.
Speaker 10 (00:57:26):
Speaker 11 (00:58:02):
So based on that speculation then, are you thinking it's more of an in utero effect versus an almost effect?
Speaker 10 (00:58:11):
I think based on that mechanism, it would be more of an in utero effect. Okay. But certainly, the colostrum has a big impact on gut function. And so that's likely part of the story as well. I'm not sure if Coline would impact that or not. Okay.
Speaker 12 (00:58:26):
Is there any way to separate the, you know, essentially the calf's volume or amount, of Coline in their system versus the epigenetic effect, uh, to determine what the actual cause of the differences are?
Speaker 10 (00:58:42):
That's a good question. I'm, I'm not sure that we can separate that in this experiment. Um, we did look at, a very high-level look at DNA methylation in this experiment and we didn't detect differences in global methylation patterns. That's not to say that there are no differences, um, or that there couldn't be differences in tissue or gene-specific, but that's a deeper question that would need to be asked.
Speaker 12 (00:59:10):
Thanks,
Scott Sorrell (00:59:11):
Henry. Would you just share with us a couple of your key takeaways from the, uh, trial, and then what's the next line of the question for this, uh, this kinda research?
Speaker 10 (00:59:22):
So I think the key takeaway from this experiment is that there are potential additional benefits beyond what's been established for cows postpartum cows. So these cows, I think it's, it's an important area. If we can impact vulnerable young animals and potentially help them during disease insults, I think that's an important area. And more questions, you know, we need more research on this area. These are just a few studies, but, but I think that's an important
Scott Sorrell (00:59:52):
Takeaway. Is there any planned research at Wisconsin right now?
Speaker 10 (00:59:56):
I, I don't think we have anything, anything on the docket yet, right? Well, he's not worried about it.
Scott Sorrell (01:00:03):
He's leaving, he's leaving, he's gone to, uh, Purina mills and, uh, Henry, thank you for joining us today and we wish you all the best in your, uh, career.
Speaker 10 (01:00:11):
Thank you, Scott.
Scott Sorrell (01:00:20):
Hello everyone. Scott, SREL coming to you from the DSA meetings here in Kansas city with me today are two distinguished, uh, gentlemen from the University of Wisconsin first, Dr. Billy Brown. Uh, he's a postdoc at the University of Wisconsin, but he's, uh, recently taking, uh, a, a post at Kansas State. Yeah, welcome. And Dr. Henry Hodor, uh, which is, um, he's a newly meant to doctor and after, uh, I don't know when, but soon he's gonna be going on to a new career with Karina mills. So gentleman and welcome appreciate, uh, you coming by today.
Speaker 10 (01:00:55):
Thanks, Scott. Glad
Scott Sorrell (01:00:56):
To be here. And what we're gonna do here is we're gonna be reviewing, uh, one oral presentation by Henry and a poster, a related poster, uh, that Billy did the titles of which are increasing the dose of the postpartum room protected colon and the effects of in utero exposure on Angus Holstein, beef calves, and then, uh, one on the effects of, in utero in utero choline exposure on growth and metabolism in weed Angus and Holstein's calves. Correct. All right. Who would like to start? I'd like somebody, to give me an overview of, uh, I'm wanna start with your, yeah. Give an overview of the, uh, presentation.
Speaker 10 (01:01:35):
Yeah, I can take that Scott. So what we were doing was increasing the dose of pre Partum room protected colon. So we had zero control. We had our 15 grams and then about one and a half times 22 grams. So we're trying to see if we feed more room and protect the colon, would we increase some of the established effects on postpartum cows? And we leveraged part of that transition cow experiment to look at the potential in utero effects in calves. Uh, some of those calves were Holstein buys Angus's calves. So it's, it's adult cows that are bred with, with Angus semen. And so what we're trying to figure out is if there are any in utero effects on early life growth and feed efficiency in those calves. And so we, we treated all those animals similarly after growth. So the only difference is, in what they're exposed to is that in utero choline treatment
Scott Sorrell (01:02:28):
Very well and billing, can you tell us about your poster?
Speaker 12 (01:02:32):
Yeah, absolutely. We, actually took what Henry did and we did an extension of that. We had some nice funding through the dairy innovation hub in Wisconsin. And, uh, we, we had seen in some previous literature that had sparked a lot of what Henry was looking at that, uh, Indro Coline could, uh, increase average daily, green and growth through about 50 weeks of age and Holstein heifers. And so, uh, our beef facilities were maybe a little underutilized and we say, Hey, we have a cool opportunity here to leverage some of those things and, and follow them for a longer period. So we took monthly measurements of these beef, uh, or Angus Holstein crosses that Henry, uh, had produced in, in that project and weighed them monthly, uh, to get good, uh, good weights on them and repeatable weights. So we could, uh, analyze over some time.
Speaker 12 (01:03:17):
So we made weighed them monthly through nine months of age, and then we put them on a feed efficiency study and, um, while they were on the finishing diet, we transitioned them to a finishing diet at about eight or nine months of age. And, uh, we're able to look at the feed efficiency of them and their blood metabolize to see, uh, what some of those, uh, variables were looking like, like if there was, uh, any, any response there. And, and so, uh, then the next stage is, uh, we're not quite done with that yet is going all the way out to the finishing phase and, and the slaughter phase and looking at Caracas composition. So the first cohort has gone to harvest and we have those results and then the second cohort will go soon. And, and so we're excited to see what's.
Scott Sorrell (01:03:56):
Yeah, very interesting. Very interesting. My co-host for the session is Dr. Glen AINS technical service manager for Bache corporation. Uh, Glen, do you have any
Speaker 13 (01:04:05):
Questions, one asks about, you know, the uniqueness of how you fed reassuring this particular study, right? Yeah. In those dams.
Speaker 10 (01:04:14):
Yeah. So most of the research in room protected co has been with top dress experiments where you can target a specific amount of coal for each cow. But the way that we did it is we were trying to mimic how Cole is fed in the industry and we mixed it into the TMR. And what this means is that the amount of colon that was consumed by the cow is dependent on her dry matter intake. So what ended up happening is we have a range in average daily colon intakes from about six to 24 grams per day.
Speaker 13 (01:04:41):
Right? And you, you can lay that out and show linear responses in terms of your data.
Speaker 10 (01:04:47):
Yeah, so we, measured pre Partum dry matter intake. And from that, we could calculate actual colon intakes. And we attempted to use that continuous data as an explanatory variable in some of our responses, like average daily gain and feed efficiency.
Speaker 13 (01:05:00):
So can you explain how that data can be used or, or interpret the results?
Speaker 10 (01:05:06):
Yeah, so we observed that in the male Holstein B Angus cabs, we had improved rates of gain from three to eight weeks of age, and it responded linearly. So the more calling that her Mo that, that caps his mother ate the greater, that average daily gain rate was for three day weeks.
Speaker 13 (01:05:24):
Yeah. That's interesting. Cuz you said the male CALS, but not the female caps.
Speaker 10 (01:05:29):
Right. We did not observe effects on the average daily gain in those females.
Speaker 13 (01:05:33):
Any idea why that would be the case?
Speaker 10 (01:05:36):
You know, I'd have to speculate a little bit here cuz sure. Beef, and genetics, aren't my expertise. But when we think about males and females and I think it probably has something to do with biological priorities. I wonder if those males are putting energy towards growth and maybe females are, are more prioritized with reproduction. That's me speculating a little bit. Sure.
Speaker 13 (01:05:58):
Yeah. Cause we've seen that you know, that effect of, of adding reassured in dams diets, actually having a prolonged effect on that for growth out to, to Calvin. Um, so we've seen that benefit at least on the dairy side.
Speaker 10 (01:06:15):
Right, right. And I wonder if in those dairy heifers, you know, we've bred them for stature and milk production and they seem, you know, to have that genetic drive to grow big. And so I wonder if there are some similarities between genetic priorities between the female Holstein replacements and the male Angus, uh, Angus cross calves.
Speaker 13 (01:06:37):
So then after we, we get 'em weaned Billy, you, you saw what, what happened. Uh, after that,
Speaker 12 (01:06:42):
Uh, again, we had the unique opportunity to weigh these animals, uh, regularly, every month. And uh, our take-home message for that though there was a tendency, uh, for, uh, increasing in utero choline dose to, uh, increase body weight, hip height and uh, weather height as well. So there seems to be a little bit of a growth response there, um, which is interesting there, there had been previous works, even looking at, uh, in utero, uh, bone length, uh, it affects from feeding Coline on a very small study in sheep and uh, that's showed some similar, uh, femur length increases. And so it seems like that's carrying over in, in these calves as well. It's just, you know, some added growth. And I think that's exciting from the standpoint of, a dairy farmer that's producing Angus and Holstein, cross calves. You know, you want a, a way to be able to add value to those calves, uh, immediately right out of the gate because you're selling them on total pounds if you retain ownership of that. And so, um, that, that's a unique thing that I think probably that's an opportunity to span beyond just the dairy industry into other species as well and, and being able to add value for each species
Speaker 10 (01:07:47):
Click.
Speaker 13 (01:07:47):
Yeah. And there's a lot of, lot of dairy cows being BR back to, to Angus these days. So can you ballpark, the difference in growth?
Speaker 12 (01:07:55):
Yeah, so, it was averaged over that period. And I think, uh, what we looked at yesterday was maybe a, a 30-pound difference, uh, from the control group to the highest, uh, dose of colon, which is the 22 grams. Uh, I think so, that is pretty significant. Yeah. So we'll, we'll be excited to kind of reveal, uh, later when we take these last screw to harvest, if, if that held over in the long run, but you know, if folks are selling calves off the farm, they feed 'em for a while too. I, I think there's an opportunity, you know, even if it's not in the final finishing phase for folks to garner some, some dollars there,
Speaker 13 (01:08:30):
That's pretty fascinating that you can get, a response eight, 10 months down the road in an animal when the dam was just fed something for a few weeks.
Speaker 12 (01:08:40):
And, uh, to me that's a whole part of this, uh, developmental programming area. That's becoming a bigger and bigger, uh, area of emphasis in animal science research right now. And I think we're gonna be seeing a lot more of those things of, of, uh, what the dam effects are on the offspring and in the dairy industry, we have the perfect model to be able to evaluate that, uh, because con contrary to B first wine or something like that, where the offspring stays on the dam while they're, uh, nursing, you're still having dam effects at that point, uh, for, for postpartum effects, milk production, or whatever. We can isolate that in the dairy industry and see, hopefully, we can do some cool things to understand yeah.
Speaker 13 (01:09:16):
That, that area of epi genomics is, is quite fascinating. Kinda explode.
Scott Sorrell (01:09:20):
Yeah. Gentlemen, you're both gonna be departing the University of Wisconsin here, uh, shortly. And so you're not gonna be continuing this research. What kind of advice would you give Dr. Heather White for the next step in this kind of research?
Speaker 12 (01:09:32):
Well, for me, I'll go ahead and jump in, um, for this, I, I think there's an opportunity to, uh, to look at why we're, we're experiencing some of these growth changes that we have observed. And, and that goes for anybody, not just Dr. White as well, you know, trying to understand mechanistically what's going on and that's the hard part, right? Mm-hmm
Scott Sorrell (01:10:22):
Ben,
Speaker 12 (01:10:22):
Billy, he summed it up pretty well there. All right. Very
Scott Sorrell (01:10:24):
Well. Uh, Dr. Brown, Dr. Halor, thank you for joining us today, or wish you guys the best of luck in your new
Speaker 12 (01:10:30):
Careers. Thank you. Appreciate the time today. Thanks for having us, Scott,
Scott Sorrell (01:10:40):
Welcome back everyone to the real science exchange. We're back here with our, uh, next session. Um, once again, we have Dr. Uh, Turner Schwartz from Michigan state university. And my co-host today is Marco sonno Marcos. Uh, didn't have a chance last time to talk to you a little bit, uh, but tell us a little more about what you're doing for Bache there in south America and what some of the key activities you're working on.
Dr. Marco Zenobi (01:11:04):
Okay. Um, I'm what I'm doing is technical support for our clients in Mexico, Chile, per and Argentina, uh, basically troubleshooting problem, transition cows, and we try to, uh, be a source of information for them. So that's why we focus.
Scott Sorrell (01:11:22):
Yeah. Thank you. Marcos and Turner, this time we're reviewing, uh, an oral presentation that you did, the, um, title was effects of dietary room and protected colon supplementation during an intra memory, uh, Lippo polysaccharide challenge in Perry, URT, dairy cattle, another long one. Yeah.
Dr. Turner Swartz (01:11:42):
Gotta get all the words in
Scott Sorrell (01:11:43):
Dr. Turner Swartz (01:12:00):
Yeah, so there's quite a bit of research out there to show that if you supplement the colon during that transition period, um, you can improve milk production, and we kind of speculated or hypothesized that one of the reasons why choline supplementation was increasing milk yield was due to reducing inflammation. Um, so we were trying to look at how the colon could improve health. So we induced inflammation using an intra ma re lipo polysaccharide challenge, which would mimic, uh, it would mimic an E Coli infection. It's similar to an E coli mastitis. Uh, but it, it's not a live challenge. It's just a, a, an LPs challenge. So we were inducing inflammation and measuring responses to that hoping that Coline would attenuate inflammation and improve milk yield responses.
Scott Sorrell (01:12:45):
Yeah. You know, I've often wondered with these LPs challenges, how different is that from a, you know, a pathogen infection? What, how would that, uh, present itself differently?
Dr. Turner Swartz (01:12:55):
Uh, so there are some differences there. Then, the pathogen E coli is quite a difficult challenge, to do. And so LPs are more of a short-term response. Um, you, you cows get sick for about a day, but then they recover. Um, and because we were doing this challenging early lactation cows, we didn't wanna crash them too much. So, we chose the LPs over the coli. Um, the LPs challenges are a nice model that is very consistent to replicate, to induce inflammation. So it gives us a nice standard Mo model for inducing inflammation. We'll see some differences in responses between cows, but they're pretty similar
Scott Sorrell (01:13:36):
Very well.
Dr. Marco Zenobi (01:13:36):
Okay. So could you tell us a little bit more about the result that you
Dr. Turner Swartz (01:13:39):
Sure. So we supplemented Coline at two different doses, uh, 30 grams or 45 grams per day, or we had our control group throughout the transition period starting about three weeks before three weeks after calving. Uh, we saw about a three and a half kilogram increase in milk yield, through the first 16 days of lactation on day 17. We did the LPs challenge. So this now goes from three treatment groups into six because we had unchallenged cows and challenge cows within each treatment group. Um, we didn't quite see, we had a, a statistical trend, uh, during the challenge. We didn't quite see an increase in milk yield response, but when we got to that carryover effect, so 22 through 84 days in milk, we still saw, saw that colon increased milk yield by about three kilograms per Cal per day. Um, through that period. And we also saw that the LPs were reducing milk yield through 84 days in milk.
Scott Sorrell (01:14:33):
What was the P value on that milk
Dr. Turner Swartz (01:14:34):
Production? Uh, it was pretty low. I don't remember the exact P value, but it was highly significant.
Dr. Marco Zenobi (01:14:39):
Okay. Yeah. So for the audience, uh, what do you mean with a cover-over? So the audience can have a better picture of
Dr. Turner Swartz (01:14:44):
That. Yeah, so we stopped supplementing Coate 21 days postpartum. So when I mean, carryover is the effect that's carrying over into the rest of lactation when we're no longer supplementing the colon.
Dr. Marco Zenobi (01:14:55):
Yeah. The good thing is that we are repeating this result, or you are, you are repeating this result, right, Florida already shows this carryover effect. So, which is pretty profound, I mean, the nice result for, for the nutrients. So that's, uh, I'm happy for, for that. So another good thing. Do you remember how much made you lose by doing this LP challenge and what the implication may be for the producers?
Dr. Turner Swartz (01:15:22):
Sure. So the LPs challenge on the day of the challenge, you are not quite cut milk production in half or close to half, uh, in the days that carry over. It's more like a two, three-kilogram loss per Caliper day, uh, through the rest of 84 days in milk. So it's got a nice long carry-over effect probably cuz you're killing some of the memory epithelial cells likely
Scott Sorrell (01:15:46):
Does, does have a long-term effect on the gals, the LPs challenge. Yeah. Yeah. So
Dr. Turner Swartz (01:15:51):
Yeah, even, and even the choline does too. The colon response was larger than the LPs response. The colon was increasing by three kilograms per Cal, um, per day, whereas the LPs were reducing by two kilograms. Okay.
Dr. Marco Zenobi (01:16:04):
So nice.
Scott Sorrell (01:16:05):
Interesting.
Dr. Marco Zenobi (01:16:07):
So what about dry matter intake feed efficiency? Because it's really important this, uh, these times, right? So
Dr. Turner Swartz (01:16:14):
Yeah, so we, uh, we measure dry matter intake through the first 21 days postpartum. We do not see a treatment effect on dry matter intake. We also did not see any treatment effects on body condition score or NIFA, not as terrifying fatty acid concentrations. And, and for me that all kind of says these cows were producing more milk, but they weren't necessarily doing it off the backs of their bodies. Right. They were more efficient in converting feed, more efficiently into milk without exacerbating negative energy balance.
Dr. Marco Zenobi (01:16:45):
Well, the next logical question will be, do you have any hypothesis for the model of action?
Dr. Turner Swartz (01:16:51):
Uh, I don't necessarily have any, could be related to methylation. It could be related to mitochondrial function, uh, improving the ability to oxidize fat to produce energy. Um, but I don't necessarily have a direct mechanism. I think there are lots of areas where you could explore. That one thing that's kind of interesting about coding is there are so many different ways you can go with this product.
Scott Sorrell (01:17:13):
Right. I was gonna ask a follow-up question related to, so obviously we've got some more research to do, um, understand you're graduating, uh, be moving on. Do you, do you have someone that you're passing the the Baton to,
Dr. Turner Swartz (01:17:26):
Uh, well Barry's lab is always growing, so I don't know if I'm passing the Baton onto anybody. Um, but hi, his lab is constantly growing, so I I'm sure there will be other people to pick up the nutritional immunology work and, and continue working in
Scott Sorrell (01:17:40):
That area. Outstanding. Can you talk just a little bit in closing about what you see as some of the practical implications of, uh, the research and the findings from this, uh,
Dr. Turner Swartz (01:17:49):
Research? Yeah, so certainly, um, coaling can enhance milk production, and improve feed efficiencies. So that's a practical application for dairy farmers. Um, I think it's important to remember that it's not just increasing milk yield when you're supplementing it, but it's increasing milk yield beyond that. So from a fee cost standpoint, that's quite beneficial, right? Cuz you're only fee eating it for six weeks, but you're still seeing a milk guilt response that carries well beyond that.
Dr. Marco Zenobi (01:18:15):
Can you tell what was the average meal production for these cows?
Dr. Turner Swartz (01:18:21):
Uh,
Dr. Marco Zenobi (01:18:21):
Rough. I mean,
Dr. Turner Swartz (01:18:23):
I don't remember exactly, but, they would've peaked out probably close to 50 kilograms per Cal per day. Yep. So I 'd have to look at the two
Dr. Marco Zenobi (01:18:32):
High producing
Dr. Turner Swartz (01:18:33):
Data go. Yes. They were high producing multi per CALS. Yeah.
Scott Sorrell (01:18:35):
But that's a great question, Marco, you know, early on when, uh, colon first, uh, entered the market, people were using it as you know, to help with transition cows, you know, cows that had problems or fat cows or fatty liver. And I think we're finding that colon is, um, not just a, a, a problem cow, uh, nutrient. Um, can you speak to that or what did you see, uh, related to cows that had problems that didn't have problems low producing cows versus high producing cows?
Dr. Turner Swartz (01:19:04):
Yeah. So we looked for interactions like that. We, tested the treatment by body conditions for interactions to kind of figure out, you know, were those fat cows that were at more risk for disease? Were they benefiting from the colon more so than a cow that wasn't fat? Um, and that was never significant. There was never any indication that the colon was only working on certain cows. It seemed to be benefiting all cows
Dr. Marco Zenobi (01:19:29):
Similar in Florida. Right.
Scott Sorrell (01:19:31):
That's what you saw in Florida as well. Yeah. Interesting. Yep. Great Turner, thanks again for joining us here at the DSA at the real science exchange where it's always a happy hour and you're always among friends.
Speaker 9 (01:19:43):
We'd love to hear your comments or ideas for topics and guests. So please reach out via email to anhmarketing@balchem.com with any suggestions and we'll work hard to add them to the schedule. Don't forget to leave a five-star rating on your way out. You can request your real science exchange. T-shirt in just a few easy steps, just like or subscribe to the real science exchange and send us a screenshot along with your address and t-shirt size to a and h.marketing at bache.com. Balchems' real science lecture series of webinars continues with ruminant-focused topics on the first Tuesday of every month. Monogastric-focused topics on the second Tuesday of each month and quarterly topics for the companion animal segment visit balchem.com/real science to see the latest schedule to register for upcoming webinars.