Today’s episode is hosted live at the American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. It’s the second in our three-part series from the ADSA meetings.
Today’s episode is hosted live at the American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. It’s the second in our three-part series from the ADSA meetings.
Abomasal infusion of branched-chain amino acids or branched-chain keto acids alter lactation performance in early lactation dairy cows.
Joining us is Kristin Gallagher from Michigan State University discussing her research on branched-chain amino and keto acids.
Associations of pen-level and herd-level management factors with biomarkers, health, milk-yield and reproduction. Associations of nutritional strategies with biomarkers, health, milk yield and reproduction.
Joining us is Dr. Tom Overton from Cornell University discussing research on management factors and nutritional strategies.
Linking amino acids to milk fat synthesis.
Joining us are Yumi C.T. Taguti from Virginia Tech University and Izabelle Teixeira from the University of Idaho to discuss linking amino acids to milk fat synthesis.
Relationships of blood-based indices of liver health during the transition period with performance and health.
Joining us is Dr. Tom Overton from Cornell University to discuss blood-based indices of liver health.
Effects of Feeding Rumen-Protected Methionine & calcium salts enriched in omega-3 fatty acids on lactation in periparturient dairy cows
Joining us is Tanya France and Dr. Joe McFadden from Cornell University discussing her research on the effects of feeding rumen-protected methionine and calcium salts enriched in omega-3 fatty acids.
Determining the relative metabolizable methionine content of rumen-protected products and their effect on production responses.
Joining us is Jair Parales Giron from Michigan State University and Jonas de Souza from Perdue AgriBusiness discussing research on metabolizable methionine and its effect on production responses.
Dry period environmental impact on colostrum volume and quality.
Joining us is Kayla Alward from Virginia Tech University to discuss dry period environmental impact on colostrum volume and quality.
Lipolysis inhibition improves clinical outcomes in the treatment of ketosis in dairy cows: an individually randomized multigroup parallel controlled trial.
Joining us is Miguel Chirivi and Dr. Andres Contreras from Michigan State University, discussing their research on lipolysis inhibition.
Lactational performance of dairy cows receiving supplemental His: A meta-analysis
Joining us is Susanna Raisanen from Pennsylvania State University discussing her research on supplemental histidine and how it affects lactational performance.
Scott Sorrell (00:00:10):
Hello, I'm Scott Sorrell here at the ADSA meetings with Kristin Gallagher from Michigan state university. We gotta Spartan with us today. Welcome, Kristen to the real science exchange.
Kristin Gallagher (00:00:20):
Thank you so much excited to be here at a DSA in Kansas city.
Scott Sorrell (00:00:22):
Yeah. Awesome. And my co-host today, are Dr. Clay, Zimerman the trustee rusty clay Zimerman and Carrie Estes. Uh, Kristen gave a, uh, presented a poster yesterday. The title of her poster was ABMA infusion of branch chain keto acids, alter lactation performance in early lactation cows. Kristen, tell us a little bit about the study.
Kristin Gallagher (00:00:46):
Yeah, of course. So this was a U S D a NEFA project that we worked through this past winter. Um, and we were looking at ABA mesial infusion of branch chain, amino acids, or branch chain keto acids in their early lactation period and its effects on performance and liver health, specifically looking at its relationship to fatty liver disease. So, uh, this project, uh, the major results from this project were that branch chain amino acids altered milk, uh, yield, increased milk, yield, milk, protein, uh, yield milk fat. Um, but we did not see any changes in liver triglycerides as opposed to the branch chain keto acid infusion, uh, altering and efficiently decreasing liver triglycerides. Now
Scott Sorrell (00:01:29):
It's shame that you, uh, infused at ABO Mely instead of, uh,
Kristin Gallagher (00:01:34):
Jugular jugular. Yes. So yes, trying to do long-term jugular infusions turned out to be a bit of a challenge, but our main objective was to deliver these amino acids and keto acids post-Ruly. Um, and we're going to be analyzing plasma, um, branch chain, amino acid concentration, and other amino acid concentration to see how that is going to be affected mm-hmm
Kari Estes (00:02:01):
So I noticed that you infused very specific amounts of each of them, you know, acid. So can you tell us how you came up with those levels?
Kristin Gallagher (00:02:09):
Yeah, absolutely. So we infused, uh, the branch amino acids are veining leucine and ISO leucine. And with this, uh, study, our objective was to increase plasma branch chain amino acids by approximately 30%. And that comes from some work done by Dr. Jo, um, in some previous research where he established, there was a relationship between, uh, animals in the early lactation period that he classified as having high liver triglyceride versus low liver triglyceride. And in those animals with low liver triglycerides and a lower risk of fatty liver disease, he found that there was an elevation of plasma brain chain acid by about 30%. So that's where that came from. And to, uh, determine if you know, the, uh, the concentration of amino acids was correct. We did a preliminary trial where we had six cows, um, of the same cohort that, um, we were able to effectively increase branch Shao acids by that amount. So by about 30%.
Clay Zimmerman (00:03:04):
So, Kristen, I think probably a lot of our, our listeners are familiar with, uh, feeding or infusing branch chain amino acids. What's the hypothesis behind the branch chain keto
Kristin Gallagher (00:03:17):
Acids, right? So again, we're interested in the liver's response to these amino acids and unlike other essential amino acids that we might be delivered to the cow branch chain, amino acids are not going to be metabolized in the liver. Most of the amino acids over 80% of amino acids are instead going to be, uh, metabolized by peripheral tissue. So muscle and adipose tissue. Um, and it's going to be, um, uh, partially CATA metabolized to these keto acids, which are non-nitro nonmean, um, metabolites of these amino acids. And there, these branching keto acids will then be, uh, taken up by the liver and they can be used as an energy source. And we have some cellular data that might show that, uh, these branch chain keto acids will affect, uh, hepatocyte metabolism. So that was our target and our interest was to understand the relationship between these branch chain acids and keto acids and how they affect liver health and production.
Clay Zimmerman (00:04:12):
So you saw quite a response in production to the branch chain amino acids.
Kristin Gallagher (00:04:17):
Yes. Yeah. So we saw, um, a pretty big milk response that we're pretty excited about. And I will comment again that the diets or these treatments that we deliver to the cow, we fed the same diet, but different treatments were not isogenous or ISO energetic. So in our branch chain amino acid treatment, again, these are, uh, amino acids with immune groups. We are feeding, um, higher R U P to these, um, branch chain, amino acid supplemented cows. So I think we had, you know, just more, um, nitrogen available for milk production, um, in these treatments, uh, as well as some literature goes to suggest that some of this amino acid we're feeding such as leucine or ILO can increase anabolic activity within the mam gland, potentially increasing mam plasma flow activating, uh, the ma mammalian target of rapine mTOR. Um, so we think that there is, you know, just delivering more R P but also doing some more, uh, anabolic work as well. Um, and with the keto acids, we didn't see any difference in our milk production response, but again, we saw, uh, an effective, uh, decrease in liver triglycerides. Um, so that was exciting.
Kari Estes (00:05:23):
So with your liver tag, mm-hmm,
Kristin Gallagher (00:05:30):
Yes. Right?
Kari Estes (00:05:30):
Yeah. But not necessarily with the branch chain.
Kristin Gallagher (00:05:34):
Yeah. Not with the amino acids. So, uh, yeah, we're going to kind of continue to look at the mechanisms that are going to be occurring in the liver. Um, so, uh, we have tissue that we're going to be looking at gene expression relating to, uh, lipid uptake and how these keto assets might be affecting lipid uptake, uh, beta-oxidation. Um, my labmate Isabelle Bernstein is going to hopefully be coming out with, well, we're all be coming out with a lot of future analyses from this project. Um, I'm excited to go through and better understand what's happening with our plasma amino acids. Um, we just sent those samples out last week and they're hoping to get a lot of, uh, information back from that, um, looking at the antioxidant status of the liver, um, as well as we have tissue samples from muscle adipose, um, and more liver tissue that we're excited to analyze.
Clay Zimmerman (00:06:20):
So, Kristen, um, I know, I know soy protein is high in branch chain, amino acid content. So is it possible to formulate a diet today that might deliver more branch chain amino acids?
Kristin Gallagher (00:06:35):
Yeah, of course. So branch chain amino acids are really important in dairy nutrition in general. Um, they make up over 20% of the total amino acid profile in milk. Um, there are a lot of these branch amino acids that are going to be found in different forages and different protein products in our TMR. For example, um, we just fed a common Midwest diet that was 50% forage to our early lactation animals. And Lu was about 1.3% of the total dry matter versus some amino acid we might be familiar with methionine, uh, was about 0.29% of dry matter. So even without supplementing it just on our base TMR, that was being delivered. I think what we need to be wary of is how, um, these branch chain meal acids are going to be fermented in the Ruen, um, because they'll become branch chain VFAs and they can have, you know, different end products once they're fermented in the Ruen.
Kristin Gallagher (00:07:29):
So certainly, um, if you just better or if you can balance for what is going to be delivered post-Ruly, um, for in this high protein, um, products, you could potentially establish similar results, if you wanted to increase PLA, uh, branch chain, amino acids, plasma, branch acids, it would certainly be a challenge, but, um, could certainly be done. Uh, meanwhile, the branch chain keto acids, uh, this is again a metabolite, so we don't currently have a way to feed those branching keto acids in their pure form. Um, so we'll see if any technology is going to be applied to that in the future.
Scott Sorrell (00:08:08):
So I'm kind of curious clay, uh, we're talking about practical implications. Would we need to, uh, maybe this is a better question for Kristen, but maybe think about, uh, protecting them ally with, uh,
Kristin Gallagher (00:08:20):
Yeah, so, I mean, there is still, I think, a lot of work to be done to figure out, um, again yeah, when we should be supplementing these branching acids and what they might be able to do for different herds and different dairy farmers. But I think that it certainly is a, um, there's a good opportunity that these will be, these could be things that we're balancing for in the future and that delivering these post ally can be very helpful to the animals and the milk production health responses. Um, yeah. So I think that's a very promising, uh, subject to better, uh, better identify.
Scott Sorrell (00:08:53):
Yeah. So you're gonna be finishing up your thesis. You're gonna be moving on. Are you gonna be handing the ball off, to anybody else, uh, upon your departure?
Kristin Gallagher (00:09:01):
Yes, absolutely. So, yes, I'm a grad student in Dr. Uh, Jane Jo's lab at Michigan state university. Um, and I had a co-lead on this big project, um, her name's Isabelle Bernstein, uh, and we have a lot more work to be done with this project and are super excited to better understand the mechanisms behind branch amino acid, branching, keto acid, uh, metabolism. Uh, so yeah, I'm hoping to get into in the ustry after this and we'll have a lot more information coming from our group
Scott Sorrell (00:09:26):
Very well. Maybe we'll have Isabelle on this chair next year.
Kristin Gallagher (00:09:29):
I hope so. Yeah.
Scott Sorrell (00:09:29):
Yeah. So, what are your plans after you're graduating?
Kristin Gallagher (00:09:32):
Um, so after graduation, you know, I'm excited to just get back in the industry and work in technical sales and, um, consulting, uh, and just help farmers and make better decisions for the herds out
Scott Sorrell (00:09:41):
There. Okay. And I understand you may want to go back to New York.
Kristin Gallagher (00:09:45):
Yeah. So I'm originally from, uh, central New York, not too far from Syracuse, uh, and yeah. Headed back to the east coast, north of Northeast. So we'll see what happens there. All
Scott Sorrell (00:09:54):
Right. Very well. Anybody looking for a, a very bright, a very energetic, uh, master student. We've got one here in Kristen. And so, uh, give her a call, Kristen, thank you very much for joining us today.
Kristin Gallagher (00:10:04):
Absolutely. Thank you so much for having me. You're very welcome.
Scott Sorrell (00:10:15):
We're here at the American dairy science association meetings where we've been interviewing students and talking about the research that they've been conducting over the last, oh, year or so, um, with us today is Dr. Tom Overton, Tom. Uh, you're not a student anymore. I am not a student, but, uh, Allison, uh, Kerwin was, the young lady that, um, did the research. Now we're gonna be reviewing three separate abstracts that, uh, Allison worked on, uh, first, uh, tell us why Allison's not here.
Dr. Tom Overton (00:10:44):
So Allison had her, uh, second little one-second baby back in the wintertime. And so she's, uh, kind of finishing up her maternity leave. She's been taking that kind of phase and decided that maybe, uh, Kansas city and, uh, hundred-degree temperatures with a, with a six-month-old. Uh, wasn't a great plan. So probably makes sense.
Scott Sorrell (00:11:01):
Yeah. Congratulations. Uh, Allison, uh, wish it could be here. Uh, Tom, we've got three abstracts that we've kind of lumped together. Gonna talk about those. Can you kind of give us an overview, of what they were?
Dr. Tom Overton (00:11:12):
Yeah. So Allison for a Ph.D. conducted, uh, uh, you know, one, one of that I would think probably the largest, uh, scope transition, Cal management studies in commercial farms. That's been done 72 herds, uh, in New York and Vermont, uh, you know, visited larger freestyle dairy. She visited each dairy, uh, four times. And as she likes to remind me, drove about 58,000 miles, uh, in the course of, uh, of, of doing the data collection for this study. So it's a large study, uh, a lot of data and, uh, we, we're just, we're starting to roll, roll it out, not only within journal area science but also here at the meetings. Yeah.
Scott Sorrell (00:11:46):
Excellent. Now, Tom, I usually have one co-host that joins me, uh, for these podcasts today, for somebody with your level of expertise I had have to. So with me, I've got Dr. Marco's son and Dr. Jeff Elliott, and I talked about a lot of data to go through. I'm gonna leave it to these guys to kind of dig into the data with you. So gentlemen,
Jeff Elliott (00:12:06):
So actually the first question I want to ask goes back a few years, maybe to grad school days. I wanna know why you knocked my dog's tooth out
Dr. Tom Overton (00:12:15):
Jeff Elliott (00:12:23):
I still remember the tooth just flying away.
Dr. Tom Overton (00:12:26):
Yeah. I remember other things in graduate school too, if you'd like to talk about those, they're
Jeff Elliott (00:12:29):
Not feeling no, we need to skip those stories. Okay.
Dr. Marco Zenobi (00:12:32):
What was the idea behind this big project? Why do you want to do this? I mean, what, what is the study behind?
Dr. Tom Overton (00:12:39):
Yeah, so, so going back into the kind of the 2005 to 2008 timeframe, uh, we did a large study with Darrell item. Darrell's item was the lead at Cornell. Our group was collaborative on it and also very involved in which we, we looked at a hundred herds, uh, looked at relationships of, of NES and blood ketones with outcomes on, on dairies. Um, and so we had some nice data from that data set that results. Anyway, that kind of provided the basis for how we do cow and herd level, uh, ne and blood keto testing these days. But one of the things we realized at the time is we didn't do a very good job or a very thorough job of characterizing all the nutritional and not nutritional factors that can contribute to herd level success. And so, you know, we wanted to take it to take this opportunity, to do a much more in-depth characterization of those factors.
Dr. Tom Overton (00:13:29):
And so, you know, Allison, uh, along with our collaborator's buzz, be hands and, and Darrell Knight, again, in this case as primary collaborators, we were focused on what we wanted to try to collect, um, you know, both from the standpoint and nutritional strategies of herds, but also, uh, the various, uh, things that we know at the, at the pen level and the herd level, you know, contribute on the net nutritional side, you know, to, to outcomes. And I think, you know, we have a much more, we're much more sensitized to those relationships now than we were then. And so that was, that was kind, the study was born was, was an attempt to do a much more thorough job and then try to relate some of those, um, management practices or other characteristics at her level, you know, to our outcomes and also to productive productivity and, and reproductive function and, and her health.
Dr. Marco Zenobi (00:14:15):
Okay. So can you share with that, the main result, the main important result from
Dr. Tom Overton (00:14:20):
This? Yeah, so I, I think there's, there's a, a few different things too, to share. Um, you know, two of the papers are now published in the journal and dairy science. So we've published now, the data set, right? So people can see, you know, really the, you know, what the characteristics of the herds were and all these different areas. Um, we published the second paper, those are all now available, uh, where we looked at again, you know, kind of covering some of the same areas that we did before, relative relationships of things like blood NES and keystones with, with our, our, you know, our outcomes of interest and, you know, results were overall were quite similar to the, to the previous work. And so, um, so that part, you know, we, we feel good about that, that the recommendations we've been making for the industry kind of still hold the one unique part of it was we actually looked at, uh, inflammatory markers, especially haptic globe as a mark of inflammation, you know, in those cows, um, you know, in the dataset and, you know, probably not have surprised people, you know, we, we associated, and again, these are all associative things.
Dr. Tom Overton (00:15:17):
These are epi, epidemiological studies, you know, we associated, uh, higher levels of haplo, uh, postpartum as a marker of systemic inflammation with, uh, with more disease, you know, with, with poor milk production and with, with poor reproductive performance. So that kind of extends that data, again, adds to the, to the, to our growing knowledge of, of inflammation of that postpartum cow and, and what it might mean, uh, at the herd level.
Jeff Elliott (00:15:40):
So, so Tom, on that, the result was high forage resulted in higher levels of haptic, I believe.
Dr. Tom Overton (00:15:48):
Well, I think it, it depended, right. I mean, there was, there was some of that again with the epi data sets. They're always, you know, they're always a little bit of, you know, you always gotta think through the interpretation. I mean, some of the things I think with, especially with the nutritional side are, you know, very consistent with the control with the literature as we know it, right? So cur cows feta more, you know, controlled energy diet, a large diet, uh, you know, during the pre Partum period had lower blood ketones, you know, postpartum. And that fits, our knowledge from the control literature. You know, the hap golden story, I think is still a bit interesting in terms of not really fully understanding how diet can affect that. And so both pre-partum diet and also postpartum diet. And I think there are parts of it that are clearer than others. Uh, but there's still more
Jeff Elliott (00:16:27):
To, and that's, and that's where my curiosity comes in. Um, actually on Friday Marcos and I had a webinar with a customer and, uh, not related to this abstract at all, but he mentioned, he says, have to globe the correct, or is it the most accurate biomarker that we'd be using or is it a cytokine or another messenger?
Dr. Tom Overton (00:16:49):
Yeah, so I think at areas, areas still kind of wide open, honestly, um, you know, we, you know, we chose to have to go open in part because we had previous data, uh, that we'd done at the commercial farm level where we were able to, you know, in a smaller data set, but still, you know, 400 cows worth of data associate, uh, elevated hap golden with negative relationships with outcomes that were in Julie Huey's, uh, Ph.D. work our in our program, you know, there's other markers, there's serum MLO day and other acute phase protein. Uh, you know, both those tend to elevate in, you know, in, especially with Ru or gut type inflammatory processes. But again, they'll, I think the thing with acute phase proteins is they'll elevate, you know, with any kind of systemic inflammation, you know, cytokines, um, you know, I think those are all, um, you know, those are all on the table relative to how we might, um, you know, how we might think about relationships with outcomes and things like that.
Dr. Tom Overton (00:17:41):
And again, that's associations. I think one of the things that gets a little bit, you know, you know, it's, it's, you know, if you, if you lock a, if you lock a bunch of immunologists or others in a room for, for 24 hours and tell 'em to come up with one marker to measure immune function, right. Uh, they'll probably debate it for 24 hours and probably still won't come out with any, I mean, again, and I, and I always say, I don't say to, to make any, uh, to make fun of anything only just, just to convey it's, it's a complex area, right. And complex or interpret. And so I think, you know, we may end up with the suite of markers at the end of the day that we may look at some of these things for, for something that gives us a little different look than we get out of, you know, our energy-related analytes, like, you know, NES and keystones and things like that.
Jeff Elliott (00:18:20):
So to change gears a little bit go to the more nutritional strategies. Yep. What do the findings here, tell us about feeding starch relative from the close-up period, as well as the fresh cow period. Cause you've done a lot of work there over the years. Yep. Um, it's always been intriguing,
Dr. Tom Overton (00:18:36):
You know, our data set in this case, actually that one was one of the clearer things in that, uh, you know, cows fed the higher starch diet, post-calving anyway, did have lower blood ketones. Um, and so, you know, that would appear to be an advantage. One of the things that were, you know, it was also interesting is that, uh, you know, we did not pick up any clear relationships with milk yield, right. For any of the kinds of initial strategies, we looked at. I don't think that that means that it doesn't matter. Right. I think I, that's probably a bit of an over,
Jeff Elliott (00:19:03):
I was gonna ask that cause that's the way it comes across,
Dr. Tom Overton (00:19:06):
But I know no, I realize that. Right. But I mean, at, at the same time, I, I think there's, you know, I think one of the things to, to, to remember here, especially when you're looking at epidemiological data set is, you know, we're, we're making choices in terms of how we look at the data. Okay. And across a range, of outcomes. Now, if we do a controlled research study, right. I can compare this level of starch with this level of starch and be very far apart. Okay. And be very different diets. Well, that's not the real world right here. You're looking at, and I'm not gonna say at continuum, cause we were trying to target lower, higher in certain cases. But you know, you know, commercial farm diets don't vary as much as what, you know, what you're gonna come up with in a, in a control research situation.
Dr. Tom Overton (00:19:47):
Right. If Marco's here were to do a controlled study, you know, he's gonna look at look to define some treatment differences and do that. Right. Yeah. Okay. So, um, I think that's part of it. Right. So, so again, I, I, I certainly don't think it doesn't matter. We, we have enough, you know, information from the controlled research. Right. And of course, you guys have meta lyses on, you know, on, on choline, there's meta lyses on D cannot put all back on meta lyses. Right. But that clearly shows, you know, production relationships, with some of these nutritional strategies. Okay. And so, um, so again, you know, we, we, we do these epi studies in part to, you know, extend the control research knowledge right. Or try to see how it plays out in the real world, but then also generate, uh, hypotheses that we might go, go back and test. Right.
Dr. Marco Zenobi (00:20:32):
So I will go back to the close-up. And mm-hmm,
Dr. Tom Overton (00:21:01):
Yeah. So, so again, I think that's one of the areas where, you know, that's, it's obviously of interest now, you know, far off, right. So I know you're talking close-up. Right. But far off, there was a positive association with, you know, more, more on the top screen leading to better outcomes in general. I think that, to me, I, I wonder if that represents, actually represents more forage level feeding level in the diet. Right? One of the things you gotta be careful of these studies is, is, you know, things move together, right? So you have more forage in that diet. We have more problems on the top screen, you know, we feed less grain in those diets. Right. Typically, so, and again, the, you know, if you do the math, you know, the the the magnitude relationships is, is, you know, is not huge, right?
Dr. Tom Overton (00:21:39):
So you keep that in mind, you know, close up, um, you know, again, you know, you, you're still looking at relatively small, small differences there at the end of the day. And so I think you gotta keep that in mind. I think, you know, for us, we still like, um, you know, we still, like, if you're looking at a particle size of chop, star or hay, you know, that one third, one third, one third, and each of the three sections or you at the bottom two together for, for a third in the four section Penn state box, um, 10 to 20%, the top screen, uh, less than 40% of the pan or bottom two for closeup diets. I think you can be a little coarser with VAR off diets and be okay, just because you don't have, um, you know, just because you don't have the same, uh, level of grain in the diet. Right. So, okay. Um, and of course, you know, I think we all know feeding management of these diets, you know, is, is also really important, right. From a particle size and moisture standpoint.
Dr. Marco Zenobi (00:22:29):
So moving to the fresh pen. Yep. There is a nice, I think that association with, uh, PDF and PDF and effective U PDF with, uh, so that's pretty important, I think, do you have any sweet spot where you want to be in the fresh?
Dr. Tom Overton (00:22:48):
Yeah, so, so one of the things, um, so, you know, you're, you're kind of quoting some of the digestibility, so the peu N D the, the under digested PDF content of the diets, uh, you know, the physically effective. And so basically as those increased, we saw lower milk yields in lactation. To me that just comes mostly comes back to just foraging quality, right? So if you think about poor quality forages, right, they're gonna have more U N DF, they have more P N DF. So for feeding poor quality for or less, you know, poor quality forages from a digestibility standpoint, we're gonna have, you know, likely less milk yield there in terms of recommendations. I think one of the things that are, that's tricky, um, on that and why we haven't published a lot of recommendations on, on the U N DF for P N D F levels of diets.
Dr. Tom Overton (00:23:33):
And we've done some of this work separately, um, has been the models. Aren't always, aren't fully seated in terms of that data, especially for the non-forage fiber sources that might be in diets. And so, what I tend to tell people is, you know, if you, if you, if you typical U PDF to 40 levels in a lactating diet, high cow diet, for example, is around seven, you know, you might run that fresh cow diet. If you have one up around eight, maybe a little more, some point, but I, I think any more than that's probably gonna hold those cows back a bit, because we, we have had definite experience in our research group trying to do work in this area where, you know, we, we, you know, we think some additional fiber for these fresh cows is, is beneficial, but is very clear that you could hold them back. If you go too far with that, especially if you go for longer, I think, than about 10 to 14 days with a higher fiber strategy, especially higher forage fiber strategy in fresh cows. So that's something I think we're still kind of wrestling around with. Um, but I think it's got implications for how we feed fresh cows going forward.
Scott Sorrell (00:24:32):
Okay. Tom, we're shoving a lot of data into, uh, the short period. If you were to summarize it for the audience, uh, what would be just, uh, one or two key takeaways from the research so far, and then how do you see going forward with
Dr. Tom Overton (00:24:43):
Research? Yeah. So thanks, Scott. So I, you know, I think, you know, again, I, I, from a, from a big, big broad standpoint, um, you know, both, I think both nutritional and non-nutritional factors come into play when we're looking at, at both, uh, transitional outcomes where there's disease or disorders, uh, to some extent repro and, and milk production. Although again, you know, we didn't see at least nutritionally, you know, in the, in the big broad brush stroke, didn't see a lot of relationships there. Um, I think our data support, um, you know, support that the efforts of the industry to decrease stocking density, you know, especially the feed milk in these, in these, uh, fresh groups and also pre fresh groups. Um, I think in, in general, you know, our data also support that, you know, heifers, uh, you know, will, will, will do better if they're not commingled, um, in this timeframe.
Dr. Tom Overton (00:25:30):
And, you know, I think also, you know, there are certain things on, on, uh, for example, group changes before calving, you know, you know, herds that, that moved cows less, in other words, you know, no more than like a, a move to a closeup and then a move to Calv, you know, that appeared to be a better strategy, you know, in the data set than, than herds that moved cows more frequently than that, you know, you know, added move or two. Um, and I think that you know, I think some of those things, you know, are consistent with what we think we see when we, when we work with herds out in the industry, right. We see that herds that streamline those things, herds that pay attention to stocking density, um, you know, herds that, uh, um, you know, herds that, uh, don't, those cows don't linger too long in the Calvin pen, you know? Um, I think, I think that that plays with what we see mm-hmm
Jeff Elliott (00:26:19):
So Tom, a lot of those sayings, maybe the guys around this table take as common sense. Now we've talked about it more water, don't let 'em linger plenty of space, but those farms that, that aren't, that isn't doing that, is there a reason how do we get them to make those simple, I guess I'm calling them simple adjustments. I don't know if they are, maybe they're not on those farms.
Dr. Tom Overton (00:26:42):
Well, I think again, I, I think, you know, I think, I mean, I think they just need to keep hearing it right. I think, from as many sources as possible. Right. And we've been doing that right. I mean, it feels like we've been doing that. You know, I think that that, that comes back into play, um, you know, more information that conducive support, you know, or the recommendations that a lot of us make, um, I think is helpful. Um, you know, and, and again, I think it's just part of that constant coaching that, that always happens in the dairy industry, whether it comes from, you know, when you guys are working with farms, for example, right. With what you do, you know, to nutritionist veterinarians, you know, whether it's out in the industry, extension making, you know, directly interfacing with herds.
Scott Sorrell (00:27:20):
Tell Tom, thanks for stopping by here for a real science exchange. It's always great to see you. Nope, please forward to seeing you the next time. Okay. Sounds
Dr. Tom Overton (00:27:26):
Good. Thanks, Scott.
Scott Sorrell (00:27:34):
And we're back here at the American dairy science association meetings. Uh, this session has a couple of themes. One is Brazil. We have two guests from Brazil and the predominant theme is Virginia tech. So we've got, uh, three people here that spent some time at Virginia tech. So that's, that's kind of cool. Um, we're gonna be reviewing a paper, uh, by Yumi. Uh, TEU did say that close enough. All right. Very well. And, uh, she's an undergraduate she's visiting from Brazil and, uh, she did a, she presented a PA, was it a paper or a poster?
Yumi Taguti (00:28:08):
Uh, it's a poster today. Yeah. Yep.
Scott Sorrell (00:28:10):
Called linking amino acids to milk fat synthesis. So welcome. Can you tell us a little bit about, uh, how you got the idea for this research?
Yumi Taguti (00:28:19):
Yeah, sure. Uh, so I think the first thing we need to understand, uh, is, uh, how to milk fat is important because milked, uh, is what drives the milk price, uh, in the industry. Uh, so knowing that, knowing that, uh, the milk fat yield in Cal supplemented with acid has changed, uh, we, we, we had like in Viri studies privilege in Viri studies about how their pathway act behind this new fat I changes. And, uh, this was realized that this was conducted and my to Lil's house, uh, in super physiological levels. So our goal now is to understand how is the relationship between the central train, the St. SHA acid, and the milk fat milk, fat synthesis, and, uh, physiological levels.
Scott Sorrell (00:29:18):
Oh, very interesting. Yeah. When I see you brought a guest with you today, is this your professor?
Yumi Taguti (00:29:23):
Yes. Yes.
Scott Sorrell (00:29:24):
Dr. Izabelle Teixeira (00:29:40):
Yeah, it was in 2017. Uh, I went, I was affected in Brazil at Genepi and then I went to do a sabbatical at Virginia tech. Okay. When we are, we were discussing mark Henigan and I about the project, the possibilities, uh, we came out with this idea just to evaluate the role of the Eino assets on the milk fat synthesis and the very first, uh, experiment study in this sale with, in our group. Our group means my group marks handguns group. Yeah. Uh wasn't that time. Yeah. So it was nice. And we could figure out some amino assets that were playing a role, uh, because we were meeting amino assets, uh, on the media for, uh, on the cells ma uh, land. So, we could see that when we were meeting some amino assets shut the de Novo milked centers. Ah, so I stayed, uh, two years. Uh, it was a two-year sabbatical. I went back to Brazil and currently, uh, I met the University of Idaho. I just joined the University of Idaho. So that's a long story and I joined me through those all changes. Yeah.
Scott Sorrell (00:30:50):
Well, we're happy to have you here with us today. Real science exchange. Um, my co-host Carrie Estes, once again. You're again. Yes. You've been here your third time, so I'll hand it off to you. I think you got some questions.
Kari Estes (00:31:03):
Okay. Yes. Um, so I'm not an expert at all in cell culture. I'm just gonna set that up right now, but, um, I was curious about the stage of lactation that you took the memory, um, tissue from what stage were they at?
Yumi Taguti (00:31:17):
Uh, okay. So I think the most important thing that we, uh, consider it when we were talking, the tissue samples was to get from a cow that has, uh, is a high producer animal. Uh, but I think mostly in the made lactation,
Scott Sorrell (00:31:33):
How, how did you define high production?
Yumi Taguti (00:31:34):
I'm sorry, high producing for, uh, in the farm that we are working currently high producing will be, um, around 50 kilograms of milk per day. That's fine doing two Milkin. Uh, but I was not involved, in the cell isolation process because I was not here yet. Uh, I think maybe it's about, can tell you more about, uh, this, this part of the processers.
Dr. Izabelle Teixeira (00:31:56):
Yeah, so we did some, uh, because we had some papers back, uh, in that time and I think you'll join some, I, uh, sort of overlap with Gary at Virginia tech. So anyway, uh, we, every time we were reading papers about, uh, isolating cells, uh, it was not very clear. So we were able to establish, uh, at Henkin's lab away for isolating cells. So I start doing that, uh, with, uh, with biopsy samples. That was nice. That's why we could, we were able to get like needle lactation, uh, because we want to be sure that the cells were able to secret milk components because that was important for us. And also for other studies that mark was, uh, running at, um, at the lab at that time. Uh, after that, after I went back to Brazil, Alex Burk, uh, also, uh, refined a little bit more the technique, but, uh, just being, uh, direct to our question. So mid-lactation is good and we want to be sure that they, they, that so that cells are secreting milk components. Yeah,
Kari Estes (00:33:05):
Yeah, yeah. It becomes pretty important then. Yeah, sure.
Dr. Izabelle Teixeira (00:33:09):
Yeah, sure. Yeah. And, uh, with those cells, we can, um, to check that they were secreting protein and fat. Okay. So we could address different questions with the same cells mm-hmm
Kari Estes (00:33:22):
Yumi Taguti (00:33:35):
So, uh, what we did, uh, we started with 200, three hours of starvation on the south, so they wouldn't get, they would not get overloads. And after that, we applied the treatment for four hours. So, uh, we were using, uh, labeled ate as a tracer C 13. So the, um, the period that we need to let the treatment stay in the south is more about, uh, it's related to the period that, uh, that the AATE enrichment increases and enriches stability. So, uh, is well-convicted study before too, to know, uh, when was the increase, uh, when was the best time the men of C 13. So after this research, we could choose four hours for the treatments. Yeah. Okay.
Dr. Izabelle Teixeira (00:34:24):
Yeah. It, it depends on the kind of questions, right, Carrie, because for example, if you're doing Western with those cells, we cannot go, if you want to do, uh, to check the phosphorylation, generally, we go up to one hour and a half maximum because we want to see the passion. That is a very, uh, fast process. Mm-hmm
Yumi Taguti (00:35:21):
Yeah. Six hours this time. Yeah.
Dr. Izabelle Teixeira (00:35:23):
So as we are, because sometimes just can get confused it's is it enough time? Because we are focusing on the mechanism and understanding the mechanism. So we need to address, uh, those questions, uh, accordingly. That's why we are using a short period of time. Mm-hmm
Kari Estes (00:35:41):
Yumi Taguti (00:35:51):
Yeah, we do. So, uh, the first, the first we had two individual experiments until now, uh, in the first one we were analyzing the individual effects of Eino assets. Uh, in the second one, we could see we, we are still, it's still an ongoing experiment, uh, but we can see the different levels and interactions between, uh, Dino acids that show most effect in the first experiment. And after that, we are moving on now for the 30 experiments that I'm doing here. Uh, it's an animal trial. So in this case, we are infusing the animals with Dino acid and trying to, trying to get an effect on the milk fat yields. So we still don't have any results about that, but yeah,
Kari Estes (00:36:39):
It's in the works.
Yumi Taguti (00:36:40):
Yeah, it's working.
Kari Estes (00:36:42):
See. Okay. Very good.
Scott Sorrell (00:36:44):
So you don't have any results on that specific, but uh, some of the previous results, can you talk a little bit about those and the conclusions that you may have come to
Yumi Taguti (00:36:52):
From the Mo trials? Yes.
Scott Sorrell (00:36:54):
Well, I was even thinking about the whole series of trials that you've done so far.
Yumi Taguti (00:36:57):
Oh, the whole series of trials. Yeah, of course. Uh, so during the trials, uh, seen the results. We could see that Omid any of them when removing any of them, we do have an, an effect on the milk fat. Uh, it does change something. And we could also see that, uh, some of them, I mean, that I found that had the most effect on the milk fat, uh, was same that Isabelle found on her privilege, previous research with super physiological levels. Uh, for me, I found, uh, ly battalion and ISIN and li being the ones that affect the most in effect. Okay. Yeah. I think that's, that's what we got us big results right now. So, uh, those are the aminos that we are using in the second experiment, uh, to analyze the different levels and the different interactions between them
Scott Sorrell (00:37:51):
Very well. Very
Dr. Izabelle Teixeira (00:37:52):
Interesting. Yeah. And also the ones that you're gonna use on the animal trial,
Yumi Taguti (00:37:55):
Right? Yeah. They're the same, the trial.
Dr. Izabelle Teixeira (00:37:57):
Yeah. And the idea is to see because at this point we already know that just addressing one amino asset time is not the best way. After all, they interact. Right. So, uh, she is, uh, designing the experiment in a way that we can see the interactions, uh, among the immune assets and see the assets as a group, not only as an individual immune acid mm-hmm
Scott Sorrell (00:38:19):
Yumi Taguti (00:38:28):
Yeah, sure. Uh, I think some Fralco implications, uh, I think this knowledge is important that maybe in the future, we can manipulate a diet in terms of mineral acid, to try to increase the milk fat. That will be interesting for the producers mm-hmm
Scott Sorrell (00:39:02):
Very well. Speaking of the future, uh, what's your future hold I you're now, uh, a visiting student here at Virginia tech. What's next for you? Me,
Yumi Taguti (00:39:11):
You're putting yourself in a hard place here.
Scott Sorrell (00:39:29):
Okay. Very well. So anybody out there listening to Yumi is open to other opportunities very
Dr. Izabelle Teixeira (00:39:34):
Well. And I'm in the line. No, she already has an invitation to red school. I'm in trouble.
Yumi Taguti (00:39:40):
Yeah. That's me, that's my main, I'll be there.
Dr. Izabelle Teixeira (00:39:43):
You know, I'm convincing her to go back to Brazil, finish vet school and then come back to do the Ph.D. at univers of,
Yumi Taguti (00:39:51):
And I'm willing to, yeah, there
Scott Sorrell (00:39:53):
You go. Well, listen, I enjoyed the discussion this afternoon. ISBE thank you for joining us. Thank you. Ummi it's been great and all the best to you. Good luck. Whatever you decide.
Yumi Taguti (00:40:03):
Yeah.
Scott Sorrell (00:40:11):
Welcome back to the American Darius science association meetings. We're here this afternoon with Dr. Tom Overton, Tom. You're standing in for Dr. Allison Kerwin who, uh, received her Ph.D. last winter, but recently had a child. So she's not able to join us, but you're here instead. And, uh, we hope you can do a fine job for her.
Dr. Tom Overton (00:40:31):
I won't do as well as Allison could, but I'll do my
Scott Sorrell (00:40:33):
Best. Yep. Tom, I brought two cohos with me today, Dr. Pete Morrow. Uh, Pete, give us a little bit of background about yourself.
Pete Morrow (00:40:40):
Sure. Scott, my name's Pete Morrow. I, uh, joined Bache here in the past, uh, six months, uh, uh, is, I've just started my, uh, career in the last few years in the industry side after, uh, spending 16 years as a private practice, uh, dairy veterinarian.
Scott Sorrell (00:40:57):
And Jeff, give us a little background on yourself.
Jeff Elliott (00:40:59):
Well, I think you got a little background earlier, but, uh, I've been with B Kim now for 12 years of technical service traveling domestically as well as globally.
Scott Sorrell (00:41:09):
All right. Very well, Tom, the, uh, paper that was, that we're gonna be reviewing is titled relationship of blood-based indices of liver health during the transition period with performance and health. Um, what can you tell us about, the research project?
Dr. Tom Overton (00:41:25):
Yeah, so we got into this a few years ago, so, um, um, you know, some researchers in Italy, uh, Britton and train several years ago created what they called a liver functionality index. And so that was based on, um, you know, things you can measure in the blood like Billy Ruben, um, you know, cholesterol and Alman, which represent different aspects of, of either acute phase response or liver metabolism. Um, and in, in small data sets, they, they related it pretty nicely with, you know, in other words, cows with poor liver functionality index, you know, had, um, you know, had poor outcomes anyway in transition. Um, you know, the one limitation that they, that from my perspective that they had was, you know, and what they developed their required, you know, sampling the same cows at like two and 28 days in milk. And so from the standpoint of our approach, where we wanna try to, you know, determine and develop, you know, markers that the industry can use, you know, there's kind of some limits of practicality in terms of, of, of doing, you know, two-time points in the same cow, you know, at that timeframe.
Dr. Tom Overton (00:42:26):
So our, you know, we wanted to see if we could adapt it to a one-time point type index
Scott Sorrell (00:42:32):
Pretty well. I'll toss it over to Jeff and Pete to dig into some of the data.
Pete Morrow (00:42:39):
I was just wondering if you think that this could be a good predictive measure possibly in the future to, uh, uh, know which cows maybe we should be looking after, or we think that maybe they would, we know they're gonna be successful based on these indices.
Dr. Tom Overton (00:42:52):
Yeah. So I think, I think that's a great question. I mean, I, you know, one of the things, at least at this point amongst multiple data sets, I mean, you know, at least the, you know, we relate to Cal level outcomes. Um, you know, we, we do see, uh, with our single time point type approach, and we've both at a few different ways now, um, that that is even just a one-time point approach is associated with, you know, poor outcomes, whether it's health production, you know, et cetera, during, during the transition, um, you know, had a grad student here with a, with a poster, uh, T Nelson, a Ph.D. P of mine, um, you know, he looked at different time points and then compared to kind of the liver functionality index, uh, time point, and actually, two days in milk was not a bad time to, to, to make that measurement.
Dr. Tom Overton (00:43:35):
So I think, you know, that may, that may offer the opportunity to at least identify early cows that may be at more risk for poor outcomes. You know, I think we're ways away though, from being a place where we're gonna use it to say, okay, we're gonna identify individual cows that need treatment. I think for the moment anyway, um, I feel a little more comfortable with, as a herd level type assessment where we might, might use it within a herd, you know, kind of as a barometer for how things are going again, still kind of a relative measure. And so I think we know we kinda add to the data set, um, but I think there's opportunity there. I think it gives a little different look than what we see with some of our traditional markers, like, you know, ne as keystones.
Jeff Elliott (00:44:09):
So, so Tom, why do you think right now there's a limit to it being a Cal marker versus,
Dr. Tom Overton (00:44:14):
Well, I just think so, so again, right. You know, these epi studies are all about more risk versus less risk, right? So, I mean, when you, when you go over a certain threshold or things like that, I think, um, you know, again, as a, as a relative marker, there's, you know, unlike with things like one of the ketones right, where we can say, okay, that cow with, you know, 1.2 million, but keto B HBA or more, right. She's at Morris for things we don't have a single value that we can use at the herd level to be able to say, okay, she's at, you know, in general, it's more of a, you know, more of a, a relative type basis. Right. So, it's a little less handy from the standpoint of being able to interpret for individual cow use at this time. I
Jeff Elliott (00:44:53):
Think so if let's pretend we can find that one biomarker has to the globe, whatever it may be. Yep. And we have a number for it. What's it gonna take to be able to do that daily? Like we do like B HBA.
Dr. Tom Overton (00:45:11):
Yeah. I think, I think one of the things too, I mean, this, you know, you look at the Aly for these three markers anyway, at least as we Tony and trai, but then us, you incorporated into the, into this, uh, index, um, you know, you're looking at, you're looking at oh 16 to $20 a sample, right. For analysis. So we're not gonna be running this like you do B HBAs at the herd level. Right? Yeah. I think that's, that's pretty clear, you know, but again, as a periodic evaluator of, of, you know, how things are going right from a, from a, from a health standpoint, again, give you a little different look than the energy-related markers. I think there's, there, there is some opportunity here going forward. Um, you know, we're also, you know, if collaborators also, they're looking at, uh, developing some multiplex assays involving not only acute face proteins but, but cytokines as well. So there are different directions here. We can go. But you know, so far this, this, uh, you know, this liver health index seems to hold up, you know, reasonably well compares with, with what Patton and trai did. And we, we began looking at it now in several different, larger data sets
Jeff Elliott (00:46:11):
And it holds
Pete Morrow (00:46:12):
If you had the opportunity or which, uh, additional acute phase protein would you add to a, uh, Endy like this to maybe, uh, Explorer, other options, maybe more, whether it be sensitivity or specificity, uh, for this type of test.
Dr. Tom Overton (00:46:27):
Yeah. I think you know, again, you know, the previous work that we've already talked about with hap Lobin, right. I mean, that one's, that one's pretty well established as you know, there's probably no perfect marker. Right. But that's probably reasonably established anyway, the relat it's relationships with, with, with downstream outcomes, what we haven't done, it'd be interesting to do that is trying to start to look at some of these things within the same, within the same data set to see if we enhance, as you indicate, right. And enhance the essential specificity predictive value, you know, all those things that, that we want accuracy on, you know, it comes to, to diagnostic tests, success.
Pete Morrow (00:47:00):
Would you think, this, uh, the system could be used as a scorecard for your transition management program?
Dr. Tom Overton (00:47:05):
I think potentially right. I mean, you know, so, so one of the things that, that, uh, you know, to some extent you're, you're kind of comparing it a population. So you're comparing either within a herd against the against itself, right. Or potentially over time, you know, if we have larger numbers of, of, of data out there, larger samples, larger her number, her collected, you can kind of look at where, where your herd stands or relative to others. Right. And so, um, I do think there's opportunity there too, to look at some of these things, you, I was gonna be careful too, to benchmark too heavily. Right. But at the same time, I think there's, there's value in having some reference, uh, numbers in the comparing to them.
Scott Sorrell (00:47:43):
Yeah. Interesting information, gentlemen, uh, Tom, any final words that you'd like to leave? Both the audience?
Dr. Tom Overton (00:47:48):
Yeah, no, again, you know, it's, it's fun here at meetings our first, uh, first in-person meetings in three years. And so it's fun for our students, to get back out there. I've got three students here that, uh, have, uh, never attended an, a DSA meeting before and they all had posters. And so it's a great opportunity for them to, to, to get some exposure and thanks to y'all for, for, for doing this.
Scott Sorrell (00:48:07):
Yeah. Well, thank you for helping us out. Thanks. See you. Next time.
Speaker 11 (00:48:11):
Tonight's podcast stories are brought to you by the Keisha line of key related minerals, Keisha and Keisha plus deliver proven and consistent bioavailability to maximize performance and a no-frills pricing approach for greater profitability. Visit bache.com to learn more.
Scott Sorrell (00:48:38):
Welcome back to the American dairy science association meetings. We're here once again with Tanya France, from Cornell University and Joe McFadden, her advisor at Cornell University, um, Tanya, you have a presentation tomorrow call, uh, the title is effects of feeding Ru protected methionine and calcium salts enriched with omega three fatty acids on lactation and per Urian dairy cows. Joe, I understand that, uh, this was your idea. This was the Genesis. Can, can you talk us how you came up with the idea?
Dr. Joe McFadden (00:49:10):
Yeah, no, no problem. Um, you know, there's plenty of evidence to show that room protective methylene feeding and transition. Cows have a lot of beneficial effects on milk production and metabolic health. You know, it access, um, an antioxidant, um, that, that, that, um, enhances, um, something called the trend ration pathway that is important to help cows, um, mitigate the negative effects of oxidative stress and has this, uh, ability to reduce inflammation. So that's important, uh, as nutritional therapy for transition dairy cows, omega-3 fatty acids, especially very long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, like those that come from fish oil, little less work focused on their effects in transition cows. Uh, but again, they're, anti-inflammatory, uh, generally recognized as being health, promoting, uh, sort of, uh, components of the diet. And so we wanna look at the synergy between those, um, there are some hypotheses related to liver function and, and how they can work together, both methylene and omega-3 fatty acids to optimize liver function. And so that's one of the things we wanted to explore, uh, with this, with this study.
Scott Sorrell (00:50:15):
All right. Very well. My co-host for this session is Dr. Ken Sanderson. Ken works for Bache. Ken, tell us a little bit about yourself.
Dr. Ken Sanderson (00:50:22):
So hi, Scott. Um, I'm uh, with the company now, actually for the second time I've been in the industry for, um, 40 years, but, uh, the last three back with B in the role of, uh, global business development. And I work on several different projects, including some of our research work as well.
Scott Sorrell (00:50:43):
Very well. Have you met Tony yet?
Dr. Ken Sanderson (00:50:45):
I have met Tony. We had a chance to listen to Tony's presentations yesterday. All
Scott Sorrell (00:50:51):
Right. Yeah. Excellent. Well, Tony, why don't you tell us a little bit about the research?
Dr. Jonas de Souza (00:50:55):
Yeah, so, um, this study was looking at basically the co supplementation of omega or omega three fatty acids and, um, room-protected methionine. Uh, and we started feeding, um, 79 Holstein dairy cows, uh, at about three weeks prepartum. And, uh, we followed them through to about, uh, four weeks postpartum, um, co supplementing them. And during this time we did, um, weekly blood sampling, um, milk sampling, liver biopsies, um, three times for each cow, and, um, really wanted to measure, um, the effects of the combined supplementation of the, um, room and protective methylene and omega-3 fatty acids. Um, the other three treatments were, uh, without both of those or with just, um, adequate methionine or with just, um, omega3 fatty acids.
Dr. Joe McFadden (00:51:54):
You know, one thing I'll add to that is that you know, typically in the field, you're not feeding a lot of added fat to close-up diets. Um, but we did do that in this particular study. Total fatty acids in a diet were one point a half percent ration dry matter from the close-up period through, uh, early lactation. Um, you know, there's a lot of science that we're thinking about in terms of why, why we did that. Um, and you know, one of the things that we're sort of a secondary objective of the study is to, is to investigate the effects of, uh, these nutrients methionine, and omega-3 fatty acids on sort of the microbial, um, sort of, um, composition, um, and doing that with some fecal samples, uh, is what we're gonna do and how that might relate to changes in gut permeability. So that's sort of a long-term objective. That's not presented here at today's conference, but it's something that's on our minds. And that's sort of why we went with a longer sort of feeding, uh, duration, uh, for the supplemental fats. You know, the production outcomes are really strong. Let I'll let Tony talk about that. Um, but, um, you know, it didn't hurt that we added it to the closeup diet.
Dr. Ken Sanderson (00:52:59):
So, one of the questions that, um, was shared with me about this abstract was related to the background of the other amino acid in the diet. So can you tell us anything about the lycine content, for example, in the diets? Or do you have some, oh,
Dr. Joe McFadden (00:53:16):
You wanna point to me? Yeah.
Dr. Jonas de Souza (00:53:17):
Yeah. You said you'd answered this one.
Scott Sorrell (00:53:19):
Oh, okay.
Dr. Joe McFadden (00:53:19):
Dr. Ken Sanderson (00:53:51):
Excellent. So there's been a fair amount of, uh, previous work looking at methionine and showing, um, increases in dry matter intake, uh, in the, in the, uh, postpartum period. And I guess we're curious about the mechanism and what you propose is the mechanism around that change in intake.
Tanya France (00:54:12):
We think it is more driven by the increase in milk production, which would influence, um, their dry matter intake postpartum. Uh, so feeding, um, adequate meth refining is typically gonna help, um, partition more nutrients towards, um, milk protein synthesis, or just yield in general. Uh, so that being said, those increases in dry matter intake that you're typically seeing what we're suspecting it's due to, uh, increases in milk production from feeding room perspective and finding,
Dr. Joe McFadden (00:54:48):
Yeah, the only we'll add there is to sort of say that, and if you look at the data and you actually, we actually, whenever we get it published, um, where that this, if you look at the abstract, perhaps I forget what we wrote. Um, the, the diets that were lowest in dry matter intake were the diets that were inadequate in methionine and UN supplemented with calcium salts containing omega3s, um, meaning that the diets that had omega3 fatty acids in it, um, uh, but, uh, no methionine, they had greater intakes than those that were completely deficient in both nutrients. Um, so I don't, I think, I think I know what you're talking about, that there is this sort of consistency that with ironing feeding does increase, um, uh, dry matter intake, but, uh, take that with a grain salt, knowing that that was only observed in the completely deficient diet. So both, both, uh, nutrients, um, yeah.
Dr. Ken Sanderson (00:55:39):
Okay, excellent. You got a significant production response and I guess I, I want to hear a little bit about, um, the synergy that you saw between the Methin and the omega-3 and a, I get three and a proposed hypothesis around why, why this energy.
Tanya France (00:56:00):
So I think that, um, in like Dr. McFadden said earlier with, um, evidence of, uh, improved anti-inflammatory responses with omega three fatty acids, I think there's something there with, um, adding the omega threes kind of mitigating this inflammatory response in early lactation, um, kind of driving some of these improved production performances. So just having an overall healthier cow, um, healthier liver function, um, that could kind of drive, uh, utilization of nutrients in general towards, um, higher production responses. Uh,
Dr. Joe McFadden (00:56:45):
Yeah, the only thing I'll say to that is that milk at actual milk yield. Um, there was no effect on milk yield. It came down to energy-corrected milk yield. And so with the co supplementation, that's where we saw the maximum benefit. It was over five and a half kilos. I believe mm-hmm
Scott Sorrell (00:57:53):
Yeah. Tony, as we kind of wrap, this up, can you kind of give us a couple of key takeaways from the research, and then where do you see it going from here?
Tanya France (00:58:00):
Yeah, so I guess one of the key takeaways I would say is, um, people are kind of, uh, intimidated by, uh, fish oil supplements and um, dairy cattle, cuz there's been, it's been shown to decrease dry matter intake and those kinds of things. And um, we were feeding at about six to seven grams per day, postpartum for EPA and DHA and we saw these responses. So, um, I think that's kind of a stepping stone and very in, um, very long channel omega-3 fatty acid supplements, uh, considering there is no, uh, requirements or established feeding rates, um, in a dairy cow at dairy cattle at the moment.
Dr. Joe McFadden (00:58:44):
Yeah, like this study was, we're talking about the adequacy of meth cuz we, we have some established requirements, but we think about omega-3 fatty acids and especially very long-chain omega-3 fatty acids like EPA and D and chain fish oil is sort of uncharted in terms of what, in terms of the amount that we should be feeding. I think this is at least a start in the right direction and hopefully, many more studies to come where we can tease that out. And because there are a variety of room and protected forms of these, uh, products on the market, calcium salts being one, but there are encapsulated versions, there are versions with um, such resistant ma um, matrix there are different types of encapsulation technologies that are out there. Um, and so there could be available for farmers and nutrition to use and we need to know what, how much to feed and what complicates it is that I can get, I could talk about this forever, but omega3 fatty acid also includes 18 three alpha one Ole. And that would be the most predominant alpha one omega3 fatty acid in the diet. Um, but we don't know, the relative sort of efficacy of an 18 three versus, the EPA and DEA chain. So there's a lot of science there that we need to figure out as well.
Scott Sorrell (00:59:49):
All right. Well, research is needed. Yeah. Tony, thank you for, uh, joining us here today. You've uh, very bright young lady. Your future is bright and uh, we thank you.
Tanya France (00:59:58):
Thank you so much.
Scott Sorrell (01:00:06):
Welcome back everybody to the American dairy science association meetings joining me today is Dr. Jonas Des Suza. He's with, uh, Purdue ARA,
Dr. Jonas de Souza (01:00:16):
A agri
Scott Sorrell (01:00:16):
Business ARA business. All right. And we've also then got Jer pers OME. He's a student at Michigan state university and my co-host today. Carrie ES. Hello. Good to see you. Good to have you back Jaire. You're gonna be, uh, talking to us about, uh, was it a paper or a poster? No,
Dr. Jonas de Souza (01:00:34):
It it's a poster. We did a presentation this morning, so it was a good presentation. A lot of people came for asking questions. So I guess we are going to continue super answering some questions.
Scott Sorrell (01:00:45):
Yeah. So the title was determining the relative metabolizable methods content of room and protected products and their effects on production responses. So, uh, give me an idea of the Genesis or the inspiration for this trial. Yeah,
Dr. Jonas de Souza (01:01:00):
I guess you can, you can, you can see this, this study is an idea to try to identify the bio reliability of four different products for making, uh, decisions on an industrial level and as a company. So the idea was trying to use a methodology that is not that complex compared to other methodologies that have been developed before this one and try to do it, uh, as easy as possible for, uh, doing, for making those decisions.
Scott Sorrell (01:01:35):
Okay. And Jon, what was your role in this, uh, study?
Dr. Jonas de Souza (01:01:38):
Um, so at Purdue, we, we use a lot of, uh, um, and give recommendations in terms of how, how we drive milk fat and milk protein meal, um, to the dairy industry. And of course, the meeting is a big part of that, uh, of those recommendations. And, and I can tell you every, every, every time we see it, you know, you have these different meting products in the market. So people ask, you know, what do you, what's the bioavailability? Do you think these numbers are really what it is or not? Um, so from our standpoint was, well let's, let's try to test, you know, um, from an anniversary standard, um, we've, we've high producing animals. Um, what's easy, flexible buy a little bit of some of the products that are on the market. Okay. So that's what we tried to
Scott Sorrell (01:02:21):
Do. And how'd you decide which products you run a
Dr. Jonas de Souza (01:02:23):
Test. That's a good question. Um, so it has, when we start thinking about, um, we decide to choose you have different Encapsulations of protection methods today, right? So, you have the pH-sensitive polymers as you have encapsulation with fatty assets. So, you know, we are always, um, uh, concerned about, you know, how you determined by development in some of these different methods, different protection methods. Uh, so that was kind of the basis for us. Um, so it was two pH sensitive, uh, products and two that are, uh, fat, basic fat coating, uh, methods, um, on protecting them. And also, you know, we want to use relevant brands in the market that, that people are talking about before using. So in a commercial situation, we have relevance to, to, to the end user, you know, that information
Scott Sorrell (01:03:17):
Very well engineered, uh, what was the basic protocol? How'd you set the trial up?
Dr. Jonas de Souza (01:03:23):
Eh, first we have to choose on mid-lactation calls. So we did a preliminary video. So we work with tilt six whole stain calls and 10 cows, and we have multi and print cows. So we selected them and we, eh, we, we group them by, eh, their eh, milk production during the, during the Berlin period. So we had four, eh, cows per group because we did a Latino square design and we have in total nine squares. So we select them by the, by then, by the main gel. And during that period, during the prelim period, we feed them, uh, selling new source for having a constant ion flow to the Maari plant and ensuring that the selenium was gonna be the same for the cow. Got it. Yeah.
Scott Sorrell (01:04:18):
Very well here. It looks like you got an
Kari Estes (01:04:20):
Yes, I do. Yes. So as you know, feed and mixing stability, that's a pretty crucial piece for determining the availability of any Ruben protective products. Mm-hmm
Dr. Jonas de Souza (01:04:38):
We, we know that that's, uh, really the topic about how are you wanna feed the Italian into the, into the cows. So we did that mix. We use the ground core for putting, all this open in the ground core and we use that mix in the TMR. So the idea was giving, the mixes and giving the products to the cow at a cost and manner. That's why we did that.
Kari Estes (01:05:04):
And you fed once a day,
Dr. Jonas de Souza (01:05:06):
Once a day. Okay. Okay. Yep. Yeah. Just, you know, to the comp I think your question is, is relevant in terms of methodology. Um, we do, we did try this, try to be as close to the field as you can. Right. Mm-hmm
Kari Estes (01:06:07):
Yeah. Makes sense. Yeah. And then my other question I had was, um, about the technique itself. So as I know, you all are aware, that there are so many different methodologies, right? Especially for amino acids to assess bioavailability. So what about this technique makes it, I wanna say superior to the other techniques that are out in the industry today. I,
Dr. Jonas de Souza (01:06:31):
I tested and, uh, it looks for today. I, I guess the most important part about the technique is how easy is to run it because the only thing that we need to do for, uh, developing and for, uh, running the technique at the farm level is feeding the Len in the ion, the ion source during an, uh, an estimated time. Yeah. And after that, we are going to be analyzing the milk of those cows for selenium, and we are going to be doing total nitrogen. And those kinds of analyses are analyses that are easy to do in a lab. So compared to other techniques, the other techniques involved, eh, next involves, eh, the use of in vitro bags and the washing. And, some of the other techniques involve using a radio label Metin or you need to lead the cows. So we think that with this one, the only thing that you need to take and collect is milk. And that's something that you are doing every day at the farm. So for us, uh, we think that that's pretty convenient.
Kari Estes (01:07:33):
So do you think people could run this technique on the farm? Like not in a university-type environment?
Dr. Jonas de Souza (01:07:40):
Yes. I think it's doable, but of course, people need to do some training because we are working with selenium and the cross-contamination with minerals is easy when we are, uh, talking about samplings and samplers. So the only thing that needs to be pretty careful is about cleaning the samplers in the most proper way for avoiding that cross-contamination and forgo, eh, the sample that we want,
Scott Sorrell (01:08:06):
Jonas, I think your company uses this methodology to make some business decisions. So I'm gonna guess you have some level of confidence in it. Would you mind giving us an idea of, of, you know, how consistently you think it is? How precise is it? Um, we speak to
Dr. Jonas de Souza (01:08:20):
That a little bit. Very, very good question. Carrie is trying to get us in trouble here when she asks us to compare techniques. Right. Um, but, uh, I, I think the point is, um, understanding the technique has, uh, has its value when we try to disrupt less, that normal feeding schedule, right. Is a less invasive procedure. Like when you start bleeding cows too often, you know, how you change those partitions of the Menino acid and how, how, you know, in terms of the immune system, how to affect the animal we don't know. Right. We make all these assumptions. So I think that's the benefit of the technique, um, in terms of making a business decision. One thing that we always wondering, try to do in this trial is, is not only what's that bioavailability is, but what's the variation around it by availability because you can have a bio at 50%, it varies from 10 to 90, uh, you might be in trouble.
Dr. Jonas de Souza (01:09:16):
Right. Um, so, so that's, I think is another good point of, uh, what we try to do here. We try to use more cows, you know, using 36, uh, cows and Latin square gives you a lot of power. Uh, if you see what we did try to estimate that error using multi-panel simulation. So in terms of business decisions, I would say, don't look, only at that bioavailability number, but look at the variation around the bioavailability number in seniors. And I think that's pretty important and that's what we try, to assess with these trials. Um, and that's from, from basic, if you think when we set up the Trium, um, um, we use, we use a payload, the manufacturer recommendations, uh, and you can see the response of the animals in the bioavailability estimate. So I would say from, from the sources that you use three are pre, uh, with deem what we expect, you know, the manufacture accommodation only one source would be, uh, out of the, of, of the accommodation based on, on, on this experiment. Right. Um, so the technique allows that, and I think not only following the bioavailability, but the relative bioavailability, but what's, what's that range is, is, is really
Scott Sorrell (01:10:31):
To, yeah. So just a real quick question. I, I believe one of the, uh, treatments were, am miniature XM, of course, uh, marketed by Alchem. And so I don't want to talk about the other ones, but can you, can you tell us was, was, am inure XM, one of the three that did meet the manufacturers
Dr. Jonas de Souza (01:10:46):
Require it was, it was, you can see the error as well as, um, lifting combination. So I think the technique allows us to do that quite well. And I setting fitting situations that we did, I think when you use a fat protection mechanism, maybe sometimes you are penalizing that by using a different method. So, um, and, and, um, it was one of them, that was within, um, your manufacturer specifications.
Scott Sorrell (01:11:13):
Good. Very well. I think clay did a good job when he, uh, when he put those specs together. Oh,
Dr. Jonas de Souza (01:11:17):
He's, he's on
Scott Sorrell (01:11:18):
Track. He's on track. All right. Um, very well. So any other, uh, key learnings, key things you'd like to share with the audience? Uh, no-wrap things
Dr. Jonas de Souza (01:11:25):
Up, I guess, I guess this is a key that is easy to use. If you are gonna want to see genocide before the consistency, of the supplements that you are going to be using at your farm. This is easy to learn because as I told you before, Lenon's nitrogen is kind of a common analysis that sun labs used to do. And as I told you before, as well, milk cows are producing milk every single day. And that's a sample that we use for running this metal. So this is easy to do. And of course, it's gonna have all the output that drawn us to us. That is going, it's gonna give us a clear, uh, scenario about the quality and the consistency of the products that we are going to be to our culture. Yeah.
Scott Sorrell (01:12:16):
Excellent. Well, listen, I wanna thank both of you guys for stopping by and spending some time with us today here at the real sense exchange. And I hope to see you next time here, where it's always a happy hour and you're always among friends. Thanks for, we're not drinking.
Dr. Jonas de Souza (01:12:28):
Thanks for having us. It was my podcast, so yeah.
Scott Sorrell (01:12:32):
Yeah. Good. Happy. Well, let's hope it's not your legs. Yeah. Yeah. All right. Thank you. Some stuff. Thank you. Hello everyone. And welcome back to the American dairy science association meetings here in Kansas City, Missouri with us today is Kayla Alward. Uh, Kayla is a Ph.D. student at Virginia tech, um, by way of Georgia. Welcome. Glad to have you here.
Kayla Alward (01:13:02):
Yeah. Thank you for having me.
Scott Sorrell (01:13:03):
And you're gonna be, uh, now have you, are you presenting a paper or poster
Kayla Alward (01:13:08):
Presented an oral on okay. On
Scott Sorrell (01:13:10):
This? Yeah. Okay. Presented an oral and it's the dry period environmental impact on colostrum volume and quality sounds interesting.
Kayla Alward (01:13:18):
It is. Uh, I'm excited. Glad you guys asked me here. Yeah.
Scott Sorrell (01:13:22):
Super. So why don't you just give us a little bit of background on the Genesis of this project?
Kayla Alward (01:13:27):
Sure. So I think this idea for this project came from some anecdotal information from producers who were, you know, kind of unsure of why they're seeing some slump in colostrum volume in fall months, trying to figure out why are we seeing this slump? And so then we started thinking into, okay, what could be impacting the cows that we're not already accounting for? You know, that the dry periods are managed pretty closely. I mean, we're strict on how long they're dry, um, you know, the vaccination protocol and everything to make sure we get good colostrum. So what factor are we not taking into account? And we thought that was gonna be seasonality. And so that's kind of led us to this project of trying to figure out okay, during that dry period, when those cows are dry, is the weather what the missing factor is. And, uh, yeah. So that's kind of the basis for this project.
Scott Sorrell (01:14:16):
Yeah. Very interesting. Uh, Kayla, I've invited a couple of experts with us tonight. Uh, Dr. Pete Morrow, he's a DVM. He works for B corporation also Dr. Clay Zimerman, he's my co-host on the real science exchange clay. I saw you, uh, shaking your head over there, agreeing with, uh, producers, uh, seeing a slump in the fall. Um, what do you think about that? Is that something you've seen, as a practicing nutritionist?
Pete Morrow (01:14:39):
Yeah. Yes. We get questions about
Scott Sorrell (01:14:41):
That is all the time. Yeah. Yes. Good deal. So, um, Kayla, why don't you just give us, uh, give us an overview of the project, uh, protocol, um, and how you put it together. Yeah,
Kayla Alward (01:14:53):
Sure. I'd be glad to. So, um, this project was conducted at three different farms in Virginia. Uh, we tried to get a lot of animals enrolled in this project so we could get a robust data set. Um, and so we, uh, ended up enrolling three different farms. Um, we had, uh, I think max about 150 animals from one farm and at the minimum about 50 animals from, uh, each of the other farms. Um, and so what we did was when these animals calved, uh, we had the farm measure, uh, with a bricks refractometer, um, kind of a, an on-farm estimate of colostrum quality. They also measured colostrum volume as it was produced. And then they took a 50-mill sample for us. And we sent that off to D H I a to be analyzed for, uh, components. And we also looked at, um, IGA, I G G I G M those important immune immunoglobulin levels.
Kayla Alward (01:15:42):
And then in addition to that, where that photoperiod and kind of the I thing comes into play is after we collected all that data, I went back and found what the nearest weather station was to each of those farms. And then for each day that the cow was dry figured out what the average, uh, length of daylight that she was exposed to was. And then also figured out what the average daily or temperature humidity index value was. And then, uh, figured that out for her whole dry period, came up with an average for her far off period and the close-up period to try to make some associations with, you know, what was going on with, uh, weather and how that impacted their colostrum volume and quality.
Scott Sorrell (01:16:21):
So were the dairies, were they very far apart, or were they,
Kayla Alward (01:16:24):
Yeah, so we, we tried to capture a range, um, and we got some dairies in Northern Virginia, uh, some right near us in Southwest Virginia. We got, we got a wide range.
Scott Sorrell (01:16:34):
Interesting.
Pete Morrow (01:16:35):
Yep. From your, uh, studies you think you'd take and be a practical application in terms of, uh, you know, uh, talking about day length, um, you think we could do someday length manipulation to improve cost colostrum production and quality?
Kayla Alward (01:16:48):
Yeah, that's a good question. Uh, it doesn't seem that co the photoperiod seemed to impact colostrum quality and volume much. It seemed like the temperature humidity index was really that more important factor. And so we it's already in place the recommendation for, um, dairy farmers to limit the amount of light that cows are getting while they're dry because that's going to improve milk production after they calve. And so we kind of wanted to see, um, could that be having negative impacts on colostrum, uh, and we didn't see that. So it seems that the I is the more important factor. And, and when we started getting cows that were up in those higher THS, they were having negative impacts on their colostrum volume and quality. But of course, that doesn't jive with what producers are seeing. You know, they, they're saying they're seeing a slump in colostrum in the fall, so I've still got some more research to do with that to try to figure out why they're seeing that slump. And we are not in our data, but it does seem that, um, that I am the more important factor. And what's more interesting is that it was only for the close-up period. So all the data that we collected on the far-off dry period. So, uh, anything from the day they went dry until 21 days before they calved didn't have any effects on colostrum. It was just that close-up 21-day pre-cal period. That was critical.
Clay Zimmerman (01:18:08):
So Kayla was the, one where the samples were taken throughout the year.
Kayla Alward (01:18:12):
Yeah, so we collected data for about a year and a half. Um, so I think it was, uh, something like November from one year, um, all through that next November and then into July or August of that next year. So we not quite two years of data. Um, but yeah, quite, uh, at least one full year to get capturing that whole season.
Pete Morrow (01:18:31):
Have you, uh, had the opportunity to look at anything besides I immunoglobulin maybe into the cellular content of colostrum? Is that something you've evaluated?
Kayla Alward (01:18:39):
Good question. Uh, so we did not evaluate that. Um, I do think it's interesting though. We've got some calf data, so we do have some, uh, birth weights, um, and some calf, uh, health up to 60 days. Um, so that pre-weaning period, and I haven't had a chance to analyze that data yet, and it, and it's on only a subset of those animals, but I'm excited to see what that data looks like to see if we can make some associations with, uh, you know, seasonality and that calf health factor.
Clay Zimmerman (01:19:09):
So consume yields were measured in these
Kayla Alward (01:19:13):
Towns. Yes. Yeah. So the farmers, uh, did, uh, measure the consumer volume from that first milking.
Clay Zimmerman (01:19:19):
So how, how soon after calving were they harvesting colostrum?
Kayla Alward (01:19:25):
Uh, good question. So it ranged a little bit farm to farm, but they had pretty strict procedures in place and they did have a night shift crew on all of those farms. So it was within six hours of calving. Okay. So we, we tried to get, um, pretty, pretty right after calving to get that, that first measurement.
Pete Morrow (01:19:44):
Do you have, uh, recorded data may be to how the time from calving until the colostrum is harvested or was that not collected?
Kayla Alward (01:19:53):
We do have that. Um, and we also have the time of day that the animals kept and that sort of thing. We did have a couple of issues with, uh, maybe some differences farm to farm with not writing down the exact time. So we, we don't maybe trust that data quite so much. We did make sure that everybody was collecting everything within the first six hours. But, um, some of that other data that the farmers were putting in might be a little bit off. So I haven't included that in any models yet
Clay Zimmerman (01:20:22):
Were these too, to these, uh, dairies, do they have adequate cow cooling for the dry cows?
Kayla Alward (01:20:30):
Yeah. Great question. So what were those cows doing during their dry period? All of them were housed on pasture. Um, so that's, that's an important thing to note. We did check and make sure before we kind of collecting this data, that all of them had similar dry cow procedures. So, you know, similar, dry off procedure, dry off date before their due date. Um, you know, in a similar ration that they were fed. Um, and as far as cow cooling, they were similar. Um, some of them, the farms that were in the Southern region did experience some higher than I values. So our results do vary pretty significantly by the farm. And we had to keep that in the model. So in the future, I'd love to redo this project and do it on one farm where I can get a whole bunch of animals, but, uh, just for, you know, to get animal numbers, we ended up do collecting data from three different farms, but yeah, things, things vary pretty significantly by a farm that's.
Clay Zimmerman (01:21:28):
Okay.
Scott Sorrell (01:21:29):
So you talked about the future wanting to do it again. Are you gonna be able to, do you have enough time?
Kayla Alward (01:21:33):
Well, uh, that's a cool question. So we did our study, um, on cows at Virginia Tech, where we, uh, housed them completely in a temperature-controlled environment and just manipulated photoperiod to try to tease out, is it photoperiod? Is it T I, uh, and that's another abstract that I included, but I can share with you guys that, um, there weren't any differences by photoperiod? So, uh, when cows were exposed to either a long day of 16 hours of light or a short day of eight hours of light per day, there was no effect on colostrum, um, volume, and colostrum quality that we've seen so far. And we did that study with jerseys and Holsteins. Um, so it's, it's pretty interesting that we're not seeing that difference there. That's what leads me to believe maybe temperature, humidity index is more than important factor.
Clay Zimmerman (01:22:22):
So in, in, in your photo period study, did, did you see effects on milk production beyond, you know, colostrum?
Kayla Alward (01:22:29):
Yeah. Great, great questions. We did. Um, so we followed those cows until they were, I think, 15 weeks in lactation. And we did see that the animals that were limited in the photoperiod produced more milk after they were capped. Um, but there's a little bit of conflicting data. We didn't see as much of an increase in Holsteins. We saw a big difference in our jerseys, not as much in the Holsteins. Um, so we're still trying to tease out, you know, what are some breed differences, cuz these guys are behaving differently after cabin
Scott Sorrell (01:23:01):
Kayla, as we wind down here. Do you have any final thoughts you'd like to share with the audience?
Kayla Alward (01:23:07):
I think this was a cool project. I think it's, um, I think it highlights that we're closely managing colostrum as an industry and looking at a lot of cool key factors. And I think most of them have been explored and kind of dialed into what we need to make those factors, the recommendations for them to perfect colostrum volume and production. But I still think that there needs to be some more research on photoperiod and temperature, humidity index, and particularly how they differentiate and impact different breeds of animals. Um, I think there's, uh, some information out there that we haven't yet collected. And so I'm excited to keep doing some research on that and get some more information so we can make more recommendations and improve colostrum for the industry.
Scott Sorrell (01:23:52):
Well, thank you for stopping by today, Kayla, you're a very, uh, bright, very impressive young lady. Uh, very articulate. What's the future hold for you, you are in your third-year Ph.D. student at Virginia Tech, where do you go from here?
Kayla Alward (01:24:05):
Yeah, so I'm excited to be writing, uh, a postdoc grant. I'm hoping I'm gonna stay right at Virginia tech. I'm gonna switch gears a little bit and get into reproductive physiology. So that's what I did for my master's and that's what I'm hoping to get back into for, um, my postdoc. And then I'd love to go into academia, uh, teach students, um, have a role in extension in helping producers, and, uh, continue conducting research.
Scott Sorrell (01:24:29):
Oh, clay. I was hoping she say she'd wanted to go to the industry cuz I think we got a good one here. So that's right. Yes. Well, Kayley, I appreciate you stopping by and appreciating all, uh, the research that you've done, and I wish you all the best.
Kayla Alward (01:24:41):
Yeah. Thank you so much. Thank you for having me. All
Scott Sorrell (01:24:43):
Right. Very welcome.
Scott Sorrell (01:24:51):
Hello everyone. We're coming to you from the DSA meetings here in Kansas City, uh, with me is Miguel Sheri, right? Right. And Andreas Contreras almost rolled my R uh, anyway they, uh, are from Michigan state university. Uh, Miguel is a third-year Ph.D. student and Andreas is a, uh, advisor and associate professor, uh, there at the, uh, university. Um, Miguel did a presentation, I believe it was yesterday, uh, an oral presentation and the title of his talk was like SIS inhibition improves clinical outcomes in the treatment of ketosis in dairy cows. So very interesting had a conversation just earlier and then found that very interesting. Why doesn't she give, give us an overview of the, uh, the work that you did and, uh, the presentation you gave yesterday.
Miguel Chirivi (01:25:44):
Okay. First of all, thank you for inviting us. Uh, it's great to be here with you. Um, the main idea of this clinical trial was to enroll clinical accounts with clinical cases of clinical, um, symptoms of ketosis. And, uh, those calls were from a commercial daily. So the idea with this study was to not just treat the ketosis in the terms of improving glucose concentrations, but also we want to, uh, inhibit the increase, like policies that are occurring in those cows.
Scott Sorrell (01:26:21):
Okay. Very well. And then, uh, uh, Andre asked what, what was the protocol for this trial? How'd you set that up?
Dr. Andres Contreras (01:26:29):
So the idea was to, um, use this standard, uh, a treatment that the commercial house used for treating clinical ketotic cows and that's properly vital. And as Miguel said, Lene goes targets the hypoglycemia in those scales. Yeah. But also we wanted to include, uh, lip SIS inhibitors. Cause since, you know, lip SIS dysregulation is one of the key leading factors to the development of clinical ketosis. So we use two, uh, inhibitors. One is Nain which targets the classic lytic pathway. And the other one is, uh, Banamine, which targets the inflammatory pathway for obvious reasons, right. Is an NSAID. So we enroll, uh, about 110 cows Miguel, and we divided them into, uh, three treatment groups. And, uh, the, and those, those, those treatments included the glyco, the standard treatment glycol plus M uh, it is the protected, the Nin from BA and the third treatment was a Lene glycol plus Nin plus the flux Mein or vine. And we also re-enroll control cows that were matched by D milk and lactation number. And we, uh, started the treatments. And can you please describe the treatments, Miguel?
Miguel Chirivi (01:28:00):
The treatments?
Dr. Andres Contreras (01:28:01):
Yeah, the dosing and,
Miguel Chirivi (01:28:02):
Oh, okay. Correct. So Prolene, glycol, uh, it was the dose that is, that had been used for the dairy farm. It was 300 grams of poling glyco once per day for five days, sine was administrated, uh, 24 grams once per day for three days, and determine the cow that received the Phin was administrative 1.1 milligrams per kilogram once per day for three days.
Scott Sorrell (01:28:30):
And just kind of for clarification, I think that was 24 grams of the room protected Nin. Correct. And not just straighten I, yeah, very well. Uh, I'd like to introduce my, uh, co-host for the session Dr. Glenn AINS he's the technical service manager for Bache, Glen.
Glen Aines (01:28:44):
Appreciate it. Scott. Always good to be here, buddy. Yep. It is. Uh, just a quick question. So from a, I've never heard, or, or I guess knew much about Banamine in terms of impacts on the SIS. So I understand how NHA works, meth, you know, method-wise, how does bane work?
Miguel Chirivi (01:29:06):
Okay, so we recently, uh, demonstrate in a paper that just, uh, went out recently that, uh, inflammation is important in controlling lip policies. So in this paper, we start looking at the effect of LPs as a model of inflammation. So we consider that inflammation is, is an important factor regulating Lipsy. So when we move to the BNO, there are for as an anti-inflammatory drug, it an equal target, not just the endotoxin that may be present, but also, um, cytokines or TFL fat are triggering lipo, but essentially the main factor that is a report in another is species is the reduction of the the the prostaglandin by B is one of the main targets of relife policies because it's, uh, it's demonstrated that, um, prostaglandin is also targeting, uh, class, uh, is the life policies in, within the issue.
Glen Aines (01:30:15):
Interesting. Okay.
Dr. Andres Contreras (01:30:16):
So I think that when, uh, I L six, for example, which is a cytokine and TNA valve alpha are secreted by immune cells or by dicy in the fat tissue, those two trigger light SIS. And it's an independent pathway, uh, way, uh, to the classic pathway, which is the one that's triggered by adrenaline or, uh, growth hormone mm-hmm
Glen Aines (01:30:58):
Was the goal here in anticipation that they would be sort of additive?
Dr. Andres Contreras (01:31:01):
Yeah,
Glen Aines (01:31:02):
Yeah. This is why he did the poppy than the Niha and then the poppy and the Niha and the Banamine. Correct. Okay. Yeah, that makes sense. Mm-hmm
Miguel Chirivi (01:31:19):
Correct? Uh, we, uh, as the men mentioned earlier, so we have some, criteria for inclusion. So we established that a cow, the wire recovered also when they were free of clinical symptoms, when they recovered the feeding intake and most important were, uh, VHB levels were lower than 1.2 Millis. That was the point for inclusion. So we, uh, collect specifically samples on day three, day seven on day 14. And in those days we evolve with the rate of recovery of those cups.
Glen Aines (01:31:55):
Okay. And, and what did, what did it tell you?
Miguel Chirivi (01:31:59):
So essentially we start serving immediately on day three, a better recovery in the cow that received Thein and also in the cow that received Ania plus flu, Maxine being better for the cow that received the combination of Nia and Phin, and specifically on day seven, it was statistically significant this difference. Uh, and we observed that the combination of this sine had 1.4 more chances of recovery than a cow that received just the prop. Like,
Glen Aines (01:32:30):
So you saw, the additive effect that you were looking for.
Dr. Andres Contreras (01:32:33):
So if you, if you wanna, uh, look practical terms, uh, the lowest recovery rate was for glyco alone. Intermediate was for glycol plus Nain. And the faster recovery rate was for the cast that that had ban mean and, uh, NA the treatment. Uh, we evaluated also, uh, the reduction of lip SIS by measuring Nivas and VHB mm-hmm
Glen Aines (01:33:23):
Lip SIS. They, become insensitive basically.
Dr. Andres Contreras (01:33:26):
Yeah. So when we evaluated that the IPO tissue excellence from cows that were treated with Nin and Banamine responded better to insulin than thence that were treated, that was from cows that were only treated with glycol.
Glen Aines (01:33:43):
Yeah. So biology follows logic, right?
Dr. Andres Contreras (01:33:46):
In this study
Glen Aines (01:33:48):
I know that doesn't always work that
Dr. Andres Contreras (01:33:49):
Way. I hope in the follow-up studies. It
Glen Aines (01:33:51):
Does too. Yeah. So if you were to just think in terms of, uh, I think we talked earlier that when you looked at the cattle, they had clinical signs, they were down, they were lethargic, all those fun things that you get to deal with when you've got a clinically ketotic cow and then you treated them and then from a physical perspective, just observationally, did they recover very quickly? Did it take a few da? ys
Dr. Andres Contreras (01:34:18):
Very quickly in the cows that had both inhibitors, the Herman at this theory, they were very happy with this treatments cuz they say, well, you got the magic bullet the next day. They're fine. And they're eating a lot. And uh, you know, they, they return to production faster than the cow was only treated with glycol. So they were pretty happy with the form.
Glen Aines (01:34:39):
I bet. Yeah. One more headache eliminated
Dr. Andres Contreras (01:34:44):
Well, at least for the clinical,
Miguel Chirivi (01:34:46):
Right?
Glen Aines (01:34:47):
Yeah. So what's uh, what's next.
Dr. Andres Contreras (01:34:50):
So we want to explore this more in detail, uh, to see what happens when you include NSET uh, in the light SIS, uh, control within Aytes mm-hmm
Miguel Chirivi (01:35:35):
With this mm-hmm
Glen Aines (01:35:36):
Dr. Andres Contreras (01:35:49):
Oh certain
Glen Aines (01:35:50):
Research ideas for you.
Dr. Andres Contreras (01:35:51):
This research this experiment focused exclusively on the IPO tissue.
Glen Aines (01:35:58):
Mm-hmm
Dr. Andres Contreras (01:35:58):
Glen Aines (01:36:07):
Yeah. Lot, lots of interest in, uh, in the research world over this whole inflammation thing. It's it's huge.
Dr. Andres Contreras (01:36:13):
Oh, I agree. Yeah.
Scott Sorrell (01:36:14):
Gentlemen, this has been a very interesting conversation. I'd like to go on a bit longer, but we, we have our next, uh, interview, uh, up next. So, uh, would like to say in closing, uh, Miguel, uh, the third year, uh, Ph.D. student, what's the future for you?
Miguel Chirivi (01:36:30):
So essentially first to finish my Ph.D.
Glen Aines (01:36:34):
Good idea. Exactly the idea. Yeah.
Miguel Chirivi (01:36:37):
And then I, I would, I would like to keep doing research, so for sure, I, I would like to do a post-doc and then let's see what happened. All
Scott Sorrell (01:36:48):
Right. Very well. Well, the best of luck to you, Andrea. Thanks for stopping by. Appreciate you guys, uh, spending some time with us this
Dr. Andres Contreras (01:36:53):
Afternoon. Oh, thank you very much for letting
Glen Aines (01:36:55):
A picture all it's been a pleasure. Enjoyed it. Thank you.
Scott Sorrell (01:37:05):
Hello, I'm Scott. Sorell here at the ADSA meetings and we've been visiting with students and posts and researchers and the like, uh, talking about the research that they've done recently, uh, with me is Susanna rein. Uh, she's currently at the University of Helsinki. She's doing a postdoc there, but she, uh, did research at Penn state university, Suzanne, welcome to the real science exchange.
Dr. Susanna Raisanen (01:37:29):
Thank you.
Scott Sorrell (01:37:30):
Hey, would you mind giving just kind of a brief overview of the research that she did while there at Penn state?
Dr. Susanna Raisanen (01:37:34):
Yeah. So my main focus was on his study requirements for LACT dairy cows. And I also did some research on bioavailability of room protected, I mean assets, but mainly on his
Scott Sorrell (01:37:46):
Very well. Yeah. And with me, my co-host Dr. Clay Zimmerman, and Dr. Glenn AINS. Welcome.
Glen Aines (01:37:53):
Good to be here, Scott
Clay Zimmerman (01:37:54):
Always, I'll let you guys dig into the data. All right.
Glen Aines (01:38:00):
Can you tell us a little bit, uh, about your research?
Dr. Susanna Raisanen (01:38:03):
Yeah. So this particular research, we kind of combined all the historical work that has been done so far. A lot of that work was done at Penn state university, uh, including my dissertation and Ph.D. work. And, um, in total we were looking at, uh, around 20 experiments overall published between 1999 and 2 20 21, uh, more recent research. Um, some of the experiments, uh, were done with, uh, grass, silage diets and some with corn silage diets. Um, and then we were, and also the way the HESTA was supplied was both with Ruben protected histamine, infused HESTA in different ways. Um, and then we were testing kind of simply just looking at the effect of histamine on supplementation, on different production variables. And then we also did some regression analysis looking at the kind of the, how, how the responses were related to digestive and supply overall.
Clay Zimmerman (01:38:59):
So how many of the studies were done with rumor-protected histamine?
Dr. Susanna Raisanen (01:39:04):
Um, 12, 12 of the, uh, 20, so little over half of them. Um, yeah.
Clay Zimmerman (01:39:10):
Did you see any difference in response between how the, uh, his was supplied?
Dr. Susanna Raisanen (01:39:17):
We did, um, for the milk, true protein yield, there was a difference, um, looking at the, uh, histamine type. So with infused his, the response was greater or the magnitude of change with, uh, increasing digestible Heine supply, uh, compared with the wounded Hein, both increased, um, milk, protein yield as the dose increased. Um, but more so for the infused histamine. And similarly also with the plasma Hein, we saw a difference there. And I think that's partly due to the differences in bioavailability, estimations for the Roman protected his. So it's a little bit trickier to have the exact dose. So probably we underestimate the dose from the room-protected histamine.
Clay Zimmerman (01:39:59):
So what were the mean responses that you were seeing from a production standpoint with histamine supplementation?
Dr. Susanna Raisanen (01:40:07):
Um, so for, um, milk, milk yield, uh, energy corrected milk yield it's um, I can't remember the exact numbers, but it is it's around half a kilogram, um, per day, uh, what we saw and, and then for milk, true protein yield. Also, the response was, uh, around, uh, half a kilogram per day, um, when supplemented compared to control. Yeah. So it's pretty solid data. I think, showing this effect of history and importance, especially for milk, milk, protein yield
Clay Zimmerman (01:40:40):
Does the stage of lactation of these animals. Does that play a role? Well,
Dr. Susanna Raisanen (01:40:44):
So most of the experiments I think have been done with mid-lactation cows. So, I don't know of any research done on transition cows or the cows. Uh, so I, I think there is more work to be done there for sure. Especially with, um, we know that there is a mobilization of history, uh, during early lactation and he is an important part of the muscle tissue also. So there might be something there to look into.
Glen Aines (01:41:08):
I noticed you called out the forages that you had yeah. In that research. Yeah. Was that something that you were looking for or did you try to tease that data out?
Dr. Susanna Raisanen (01:41:17):
We haven't, um, gotten there yet, um, with the analysis, but we will, we want to look into it. Um, his student was found to be the first limiting. I mean, as it like 20 years ago at my old, this current university in Finland, they did some work with infused HIID in and they were like the first showing that his student could be limiting. Um, and this was done on, grass signage-based diets. Um, there isn't any work done with room and protected HESTA with grass silage, uh, which I, I, I hope to do in the future continue this work. Um, and they haven't done any work since, uh, with HESTA in, in Europe or with, with grass, Sage based diet. So, I want to explore that more. What,
Glen Aines (01:41:58):
What type of grasses
Dr. Susanna Raisanen (01:42:00):
It's mainly the grass, which is highly digestible, uh, a lot of soluble fiber in the room. And so I think that's in cross sites. I think it's specifically due to the dependence on microbial protein and that's why he St probably becomes limiting in those diets.
Glen Aines (01:42:18):
So in all these, these studies you evaluated, did you, did you look at potentially lyce and methionine as potential modulators of a response tota?
Dr. Susanna Raisanen (01:42:29):
Yeah, we, we have the data. Um, that's also something we are still kind of running the different analyses and figuring out what to include in the model and what relationships to look into, but that, that's one important thing is to look at them, I think we will go for like efficiency of utilization of, of different Amin acid essentially mean acid, including met analyzing, and then looking into how the response varies depending on their efficiency, uh, in terms of HETA efficiency and supply. Yeah. And it's important not to forget this Other acid because, you know, it's not just one thing that's limiting that we have to look at the profile of having
Glen Aines (01:43:05):
Dr. Susanna Raisanen (01:43:24):
Yeah. And I think that's something, um, someone else also commented on this after my presentation, and I think it's, it's a really important point and a good point to this is a good chance for me to look into the bioavailability estimations. There, there, some of them, I mean its room protected. I mean, as it is not the same between the experiments. So there might be, I have to look into and go back and see, uh, the estimations used in different experiments because it's like, in some of my experiments, I used my estimations of bioavailability and then others have used differently. And that's also the whole another problem or thing that we have to look into is the buy availability, especially when figuring out, uh, requirements of Amina acid. And then if we are using the room and protected Amina acid, but then we still are debating the bioavailability by the availability of this, I mean, as is on how to measure it and then, you know, yeah. So it's a bit, a little bit tricky, but I think there is something there that I, I could look into and see if I can, you know, correct for that, uh, by availability estimations with the plasma data. Cause
Glen Aines (01:44:24):
You did try to estimate the digestible
Dr. Susanna Raisanen (01:44:27):
Histamine. Yeah, I did. This was, um, one of like a separate trial that I did. Ah,
Glen Aines (01:44:32):
Okay. Yeah. So that's, that explains the answer
Dr. Susanna Raisanen (01:44:34):
To my question again. Yes. Yes.
Clay Zimmerman (01:44:37):
So Susanna with, you know, with all the research that's been done now with the meta-analysis, is there enough information to, um, the estimated requirement for histamine?
Dr. Susanna Raisanen (01:44:48):
Uh, this is, uh, always a tricky question. If I, if I want to set, you know, cramps per day requirement or not, but we have been looking into the efficiency of utilization and with Dr. LaPierre, um, she's been estimated that. Um, and then I also did my estimations in my, uh, one of my, or all my experiments and it looks like it would be around a point somewhere point 77.8. And based on the meta-analysis, I did, it looks like it's somewhere around 60 grams per day of digestible Heine. Uh, that's the data we have and that, um, and the meta-analysis is showing, but of course we, it depends on so many things, so yeah, I don't want to give, you know, uh, this type of recommendation. Um, but, um, I think we do need some more data to, establish it and with different diets, especially graphs-based diets, low protein diets, maybe it's different. Yeah.
Clay Zimmerman (01:45:43):
So in, in Europe, mm, if, if a diet's deficient in histamine, how would you supplement it right now?
Dr. Susanna Raisanen (01:45:50):
It's very tricky because we, they can't use, um, platinum for example, which is a good source of histamine. Um, so, uh, we, I, we have done some work with fava bean, uh, and rape seed meal has a pretty good Hein concentration. So, um, they are saying also that if we have, uh, rape seed meal or canola meal in the diets, they maybe are not that, uh, deficient in HETA. Okay. So it depends on the diet and how, how high in protein you want to be. Right. Yeah. But I want to be, I, I want to be, you know, low protein diets and then you you'll have to find a way to supplement his skin for sure.
Scott Sorrell (01:46:31):
Suzanne, it's been a very interesting discussion, uh, to kind, kind of summarize things. What are a couple of things that the audience should take from your research?
Dr. Susanna Raisanen (01:46:39):
I think we, we, we have to start thinking more about histamine, uh, included in the tele Amin acid with Metin and li I think that's important, especially if we are driving toward lower protein diets. Overall, I think history is, is one of the three for sure, to look into. And I, um, and I hope we, we can, um, start testing it with a different, different type of, uh, basal diets and combining with, with different basal diets
Scott Sorrell (01:47:07):
Very well. So, uh, now that you're, uh, back in, well, back in Europe, at Helsinki, what kind of research are you doing now?
Dr. Susanna Raisanen (01:47:15):
Uh, we have been working on Legum silages red ch silage, and, um, PBA bin, both as a whole CRO silage and protein concentrate. And they're Metin is one of the li I mean, as it's in legumes. Okay. And that's what I've been working on, looking at supplementing Methin on Legum-based diets. Yeah,
Scott Sorrell (01:47:33):
Very well, Melissa, I want to thank you for joining us today. This has been a tree.
Dr. Susanna Raisanen (01:47:36):
Thank you. All
Scott Sorrell (01:47:37):
Right. Good luck
Dr. Susanna Raisanen (01:47:38):
To you. Thank you very much. Thanks. Thank you.
Speaker 11 (01:47:40):
We'd love to hear your comments or ideas for topics and guests. So please reach out via email to anhmarketing@balchem.com with any suggestions, and we'll work hard to add them to the schedule. Don't forget to leave a five-star rating on your way out. You can request your real science exchange. T-shirt in just a few easy steps, just like, or subscribe to the real science exchange and send us a screenshot along with your address and t-shirt size to a and h.marketing at bache.com. Che's real science lecture. The Series of webinars continues with ruminate-focused topics on the first Tuesday of every month. Monogastric-focused topics on the second Tuesday of each month and quarterly topics for the companion animal segment, visit balchem.com/real science to see the latest schedule and to register for upcoming webinars.